Move the database to Postgres, before teams need the schema

First step of #1, and it goes first for one reason: #4 adds a team_id to
nearly every table, and doing that twice -- once for SQLite, once for
Postgres -- is work nobody gets paid for. The teams migrations now only
have to be written against one database.

The ten SQLite migrations are replaced by a single Postgres baseline
rather than ported one by one. They were incremental in a way that has
no value on a fresh install: 004 adds columns 008 drops again, and 008's
backfill rewrites data a Postgres database never had. The history stays
in git; the schema they add up to is now 001_baseline.sql.

Timestamps stay BIGINT unix seconds and are NOT converted to timestamptz.
Everything in Go already speaks epochs, so converting would have been a
second, larger change riding along inside this one. It is worth doing on
its own. The JSON columns did move to jsonb, because #4 will want to
filter and index on labels.

Most of the port is mechanical -- 170 placeholders from ? to $1 -- but
four things needed more than a search and replace:

  * Dynamically built WHERE clauses cannot keep their numbering straight
    by hand, so they hand out placeholders through sqlArgs instead. A
    filter can now be added or reordered without renumbering anything.

  * SUM(resolved_at IS NULL) was SQLite counting a boolean as 0 or 1.
    Postgres has no sum(boolean), and this was breaking every dead man's
    switch -- silently, since the sweeper only logs. Now COUNT(*) FILTER.

  * unixepoch() became FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint. The
    FLOOR is load-bearing: a bare cast rounds half up, so a row written
    at .6 of a second claimed a timestamp a second in the future and
    disagreed with the time.Now().Unix() the Go side stamps.

  * The unique-violation check matched SQLite's error text. It matches
    SQLSTATE 23505 now, so a renamed constraint cannot turn a 409 back
    into a 500.

Tests need a real Postgres, because there is no in-memory Postgres the
way there was an in-memory SQLite. Each test gets its own schema on a
shared server -- cheaper than a database each, and still isolated.
TERDUT_TEST_DSN says where it is; `make test-db` starts one locally and
ci.yaml runs one as a service container. An unset DSN fails the suite
rather than skipping it: a run that quietly tests nothing is worse than
one that does not run.

TestMigration_BackfillCarriesAckAndComments is deleted along with the
migrations it replayed. What it protected -- an upgrade not losing
acknowledgements and comments -- now belongs to scripts/sqlite-to-postgres.go,
which is build-tagged so the SQLite driver stays out of the server
binary. Both are meant to be deleted once this install has migrated.

The chart loses the PVC, the data volume and the python backup sidecar,
and requires database.dsnSecret.name: it provisions no database and
cannot guess where the credentials live, so a render without it is meant
to fail. Backups move to where Postgres actually runs. The other half of
that -- the postgresql CR, the k8up pg_dump annotation and the network
policy -- is a change to the wrapper chart in Ryuvia/charts and is not in
here.

Verified rather than assumed: the gate is green with -race against
Postgres 17, govulncheck and gitleaks are clean, and the migration script
was run end to end against a SQLite database built at the old schema and
seeded in every table. Ids survive, so incidents keep their numbers and
every foreign key still points where it did; the identity sequences are
moved past the copied ids, and a webhook after the migration opened
incident 12 rather than colliding at 1.

.gitea/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -45,6 +45,29 @@ jobs:
         - go-mod-cache:/go/pkg/mod
         - go-build-cache:/root/.cache/go-build
         - gobin-cache:/go/bin
+
+    # The suite needs a real Postgres -- there is no in-memory Postgres the way there was
+    # an in-memory SQLite, so each test gets its own schema on a shared server instead.
+    # The job and the service share the dind bridge, so the service is reachable by its
+    # name rather than on localhost.
+    services:
+      postgres:
+        image: postgres:17-alpine
+        env:
+          POSTGRES_USER: terdut
+          POSTGRES_PASSWORD: terdut
+          POSTGRES_DB: terdut_test
+        options: >-
+          --health-cmd "pg_isready -U terdut -d terdut_test"
+          --health-interval 5s
+          --health-timeout 5s
+          --health-retries 12
+
+    env:
+      # `make test` fails without this rather than skipping, so a green job here means
+      # the tests actually ran against a database.
+      TERDUT_TEST_DSN: postgres://terdut:terdut@postgres:5432/terdut_test?sslmode=disable
+
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         env:

CLAUDE.md

@@ -22,10 +22,16 @@ Two things about this repo specifically:
   `Ryuvia/charts` to this version. Added 2026-09-02; every release up to and including
   v0.9.3 was published with no CVE check at all.
 - **The wrapper chart has two `tag:` lines** — the app image and the python backup sidecar —
-  so `chart-bump` needs `--image "$IMAGE"` to know which one moves.
+  so `chart-bump` needs `--image "$IMAGE"` to know which one moves. That sidecar backs up
+  SQLite; the Postgres move (#2) retires it in favour of a `postgresql` CR with a k8up
+  `pg_dump` annotation, after which only the app image's tag is left.
 
 ## Checks
 
+The tests need a Postgres: `make test-db` starts one and prints the DSN, `make test-db-stop`
+removes it, and `TERDUT_TEST_DSN` is how both the Makefile and `ci.yaml`'s service container
+point the suite at it. Without it the suite fails rather than skipping, on purpose.
+
 `make fmt lint test helm-lint` **is** what the pipeline runs — `ci.yaml` and `release.yaml`
 call these targets rather than restating them, the way riksdata and rd-web do. A green gate
 here and a green pipeline are the same code, not two descriptions of it. `test` adds `-race`,

Makefile

@@ -25,12 +25,45 @@ help: ## Show this help
 #
 # These three mirror .gitea/workflows/ci.yaml step for step, so a green `make fmt
 # lint test` here means the same thing CI means. The one deliberate difference is
-# -race below.
+# -race below. Both need a Postgres to test against; see test-db.
+
+# The suite needs a Postgres, because the server does: there is no in-memory
+# Postgres the way there was an in-memory SQLite. TERDUT_TEST_DSN says where, and
+# the tests fail rather than skip without it — a suite that quietly tests nothing
+# is worse than one that does not run. `make test-db` starts a local one;
+# ci.yaml runs the same thing as a service container.
+TEST_DB_CONTAINER ?= terdut-test-db
+TEST_DB_PORT      ?= 5433
+TEST_DB_IMAGE     ?= docker.io/library/postgres:17-alpine
+export TERDUT_TEST_DSN ?= postgres://terdut:terdut@localhost:$(TEST_DB_PORT)/terdut_test?sslmode=disable
 
 .PHONY: test
-test: ## Run the test suite
+test: ## Run the test suite (needs TERDUT_TEST_DSN; see test-db)
 	go test -race ./...
 
+# podman, with docker as the fallback: this is a dev convenience, not part of the
+# pipeline, where the database arrives as a service container instead.
+.PHONY: test-db
+test-db: ## Start a local Postgres for the tests
+	@runtime=$$(command -v podman || command -v docker); \
+	if [ -z "$$runtime" ]; then echo "need podman or docker"; exit 1; fi; \
+	$$runtime run -d --rm --name $(TEST_DB_CONTAINER) \
+		-e POSTGRES_USER=terdut -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=terdut -e POSTGRES_DB=terdut_test \
+		-p $(TEST_DB_PORT):5432 $(TEST_DB_IMAGE) >/dev/null; \
+	printf 'waiting for postgres'; \
+	for i in $$(seq 1 60); do \
+		if $$runtime exec $(TEST_DB_CONTAINER) pg_isready -U terdut -d terdut_test >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+			echo " ready: $(TERDUT_TEST_DSN)"; exit 0; \
+		fi; \
+		printf '.'; sleep 1; \
+	done; \
+	echo " timed out"; exit 1
+
+.PHONY: test-db-stop
+test-db-stop: ## Stop the local test Postgres
+	@runtime=$$(command -v podman || command -v docker); \
+	$$runtime rm -f $(TEST_DB_CONTAINER) >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+
 # CI runs a bare `go test ./...`. This is stricter on purpose: the sweeper, the
 # notifier goroutine and the deadman sweep all touch the same single-connection
 # database, and a race there would surface as a flaky production incident rather
@@ -54,16 +87,22 @@ fmt: ## Report unformatted files
 		echo "gofmt needed:"; echo "$$unformatted"; gofmt -d .; exit 1; \
 	fi
 
+# database.dsnSecret.name has no default and the deployment `required`s it: the
+# chart provisions no database and cannot guess where the credentials live, so a
+# render without it is meant to fail. Setting it here keeps the lint honest about
+# what a working install needs.
+HELM_LINT_SET = --set image.tag=v0.0.0 --set database.dsnSecret.name=terdut-db
+
 .PHONY: helm-lint
 helm-lint: ## Lint and render the chart
-	helm lint $(HELM_CHART) --set image.tag=v0.0.0
+	helm lint $(HELM_CHART) $(HELM_LINT_SET)
 	helm template terdut-server $(HELM_CHART) --namespace terdut-server \
-		--set image.tag=v0.0.0 >/dev/null
+		$(HELM_LINT_SET) >/dev/null
 	@# networking.listener defaults to "", which attaches the route to every
 	@# matching listener including plaintext HTTP. Production sets it, so the
 	@# default render proves nothing about the path that actually ships.
 	helm template terdut-server $(HELM_CHART) --namespace terdut-server \
-		--set image.tag=v0.0.0 --set networking.listener=https-terdut >/dev/null
+		$(HELM_LINT_SET) --set networking.listener=https-terdut >/dev/null
 
 ## --- release ---
 

README.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Incident management server for teams using Prometheus Alertmanager.
 - Alert and incident statistics, including MTTA and MTTR
 - Web UI for phones and desktops, served by the same binary
 - REST API with per-user API key authentication
-- Single binary, SQLite storage — trivial to self-host
+- Single binary plus a Postgres — straightforward to self-host
 
 ---
 
@@ -89,11 +89,14 @@ the web UI (`/incidents/{id}`).
 
 ```bash
 docker build -t terdut-server .
-docker run -p 8080:8080 -v $(pwd)/data:/data \
+docker run -p 8080:8080 \
-  -e TERDUT_DB_PATH=/data/terdut.db \
+  -e TERDUT_DB_DSN='postgres://terdut:secret@host.docker.internal:5432/terdut?sslmode=disable' \
   terdut-server
 ```
 
+The server creates its own schema on startup and needs a reachable Postgres; it stores nothing on
+disk, so there is no volume to mount.
+
 ### Kubernetes
 
 A Helm chart is published from this repository as an OCI artifact, versioned in lockstep
@@ -116,24 +119,30 @@ than an `Ingress`. TLS is terminated at the gateway, so the server itself never
 | `networking.listener` | `""` | Gateway listener (`sectionName`) to bind to. Empty attaches to every matching listener, **including plaintext HTTP** — set it to the HTTPS listener's name to serve TLS only |
 | `networking.servicePort` | `8080` | Port the route forwards to; keep in sync with `service.port` |
 | `bootstrap.enabled` | `true` | Runs a post-install hook that creates the first user and stores its API key in the `<release>-admin-key` Secret. Already-bootstrapped servers are left alone |
-| `backupSidecar.enabled` | `true` | Adds an idle `python` sidecar and the [k8up](https://k8up.io/) annotations that dump the database through it |
+| `database.dsnSecret.name` | `""` | **Required.** Existing Secret holding the Postgres DSN. The chart provisions no database |
+| `database.dsnSecret.key` | `dsn` | Key within that Secret |
 
 The API key travels in an `Authorization: Bearer` header, so set `networking.listener` whenever the
 hostname is reachable outside a trusted network.
 
+#### The database
+
+The chart provisions no database: it takes a DSN from a Secret and expects a Postgres that already
+exists. In this cluster the wrapper chart declares an `acid.zalan.do/v1 postgresql` CR and passes
+the Secret the operator writes; anywhere else, any reachable Postgres 14+ will do.
+
+The server migrates its own schema on startup, so a new database only has to exist and be writable.
+
 #### Backups
 
-The server image is `FROM scratch` — the binary and nothing else — so there is no interpreter to
+Postgres is backed up where it runs, not from here. The database pod carries a
-run a database dump in, and the database runs in WAL mode, where a file-level copy of the volume is
+[k8up](https://k8up.io/) `k8up.io/backupcommand` annotation that streams a `pg_dump`, the same way
-not crash-consistent. The chart therefore ships an idle `python:*-alpine` sidecar that shares the
+gitea and immich do in this cluster.
-data volume, and points k8up's `backupcommand` at it with `k8up.io/backupcommand-container`. Without
-that annotation k8up execs into `.spec.containers[0]` and the dump fails.
 
-The dump is buffered and sanity-checked before its first byte reaches stdout, because k8up streams
+This used to be the app's problem: the SQLite database lived on a PVC beside the server, the image
-stdout straight into Restic: a dump that dies partway is otherwise stored as a silently truncated
+is `FROM scratch` with no interpreter to dump it, and WAL mode makes a file-level copy of the volume
-snapshot that k8up still reports as successful.
+non-crash-consistent — so the chart shipped an idle `python:*-alpine` sidecar purely to give k8up
-
+somewhere to exec. The sidecar, the PVC and the `backupSidecar` values are all gone.
-Set `backupSidecar.enabled=false` if you back the volume up some other way.
 
 ---
 
@@ -142,7 +151,7 @@ Set `backupSidecar.enabled=false` if you back the volume up some other way.
 | Variable | Default | Description |
 |---|---|---|
 | `TERDUT_ADDR` | `:8080` | TCP address to listen on |
-| `TERDUT_DB_PATH` | `terdut.db` | Path to the SQLite database file |
+| `TERDUT_DB_DSN` | — | **Required.** Postgres connection string, e.g. `postgres://terdut:secret@localhost:5432/terdut?sslmode=require` |
 | `TERDUT_ARCHIVE_AFTER` | `168h` (7d) | How long a resolved alert or incident stays in the default list before being auto-archived |
 | `TERDUT_STALE_AFTER` | `6h` | How long a firing alert may go without a refreshing webhook before it is treated as resolved — **must exceed your Alertmanager `repeat_interval`** |
 | `TERDUT_DEADMAN_MATCHERS` | `alertname=Watchdog` | Which alerts are [dead man's switches](#dead-mans-switch). `;` separates matchers, `,` the label conditions within one, `=` is exact equality. Every matcher must name an `alertname` |
@@ -662,6 +671,33 @@ averages over incidents that have actually been acknowledged or resolved, and ar
 
 ---
 
+## Upgrading from SQLite
+
+Versions up to v0.10.2 stored everything in a SQLite file. From the Postgres release onwards
+the server needs `TERDUT_DB_DSN` and keeps nothing on disk.
+
+The cutover is ordered — the server must not be running while the copy happens:
+
+```bash
+# 1. Stop the old server, keeping its database file.
+# 2. Create an empty Postgres database, then let the new binary build the schema:
+TERDUT_DB_DSN='postgres://terdut:secret@localhost:5432/terdut?sslmode=disable' ./terdut &
+#    ...watch for "listening on", then stop it again.
+# 3. Copy the data across:
+go run -tags migrate ./scripts/sqlite-to-postgres.go \
+    -sqlite /data/terdut.db \
+    -dsn 'postgres://terdut:secret@localhost:5432/terdut?sslmode=disable'
+# 4. Start the new server for good.
+```
+
+The copy preserves every id, so incidents keep their numbers and the timeline, alert
+membership, outbox and ack tokens all still point where they did. It refuses a target that
+already has rows, so a second run cannot double-insert. On Kubernetes, step 3 runs as a Job
+with the same image against the PVC before it is removed.
+
+The script is deliberately temporary: it is the only thing left that needs the SQLite driver,
+and both should be deleted once the installs that need them have migrated.
+
 ## Upgrading to incidents
 
 The incidents release moves the workflow off alerts, which is a **breaking API
@@ -712,15 +748,23 @@ There is no migration and no schema change. An existing open incident from a
 ## Development
 
 ```bash
-go test ./...        # run all tests
+make test-db         # start a local Postgres for the tests (podman or docker)
+make test            # run all tests
 go build ./...       # compile all packages
-go run ./cmd/terdut  # run locally
+go run ./cmd/terdut  # run locally (needs TERDUT_DB_DSN)
 ```
 
+The tests need a real Postgres, because the server does — there is no in-memory Postgres the
+way there was an in-memory SQLite. `TERDUT_TEST_DSN` says where it is, `make test-db` starts
+one on port 5433 and prints the DSN, and `make test-db-stop` removes it. Each test gets its
+own schema on that server, so tests cannot see each other's rows. An unset `TERDUT_TEST_DSN`
+fails the suite rather than skipping it: a run that quietly tests nothing is worse than one
+that does not run.
+
 `make fmt lint test helm-lint` is the gate. It mirrors `.gitea/workflows/ci.yaml` step for
 step, so a green run here means a green pipeline — with one deliberate exception: `make test`
 adds `-race`, which CI does not. The sweeper, the notifier goroutine and the dead man's switch
-sweep all touch the same single database connection, and a race between them would surface as
+sweep all run concurrently against the same database, and a race between them would surface as
 a flaky incident in production rather than as a red build.
 
 The web UI lives in `internal/web/static/` as plain HTML, CSS and ES modules,
@@ -776,7 +820,9 @@ Two things the release process needs to know about this repo:
   do not bump the wrapper chart to that version — it cannot unpublish anything. The image is
   `FROM scratch`, so trivy sees exactly one target, the Go binary and its module graph.
 - **The wrapper chart's `values.yaml` has two `tag:` lines** — the app image and the python
-  backup sidecar — so `chart-bump` is given `--image` to say which one moves.
+  backup sidecar — so `chart-bump` is given `--image` to say which one moves. The sidecar is
+  on its way out with SQLite: once the wrapper chart drops it and declares a `postgresql` CR
+  instead, there is one `tag:` line again, and `--image` becomes belt and braces.
 
 The wrapper chart must have **its own `version:` bumped in the same commit**. Flux reconciles
 with `reconcileStrategy: ChartVersion`, so a chart whose version did not change produces no

charts/terdut-server/templates/deployment.yaml

@@ -10,50 +10,15 @@ spec:
   selector:
     matchLabels:
       {{- include "terdut-server.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }}
-  # The data PVC is ReadWriteOnce, so a RollingUpdate deadlocks: the new pod
+  # Recreate, not RollingUpdate, even though the PVC that forced it is gone: the
-  # cannot attach the volume until the old one releases it, and the old one is
+  # sweeper and the notifier are unsynchronised singletons, and two replicas
-  # not torn down until the new one is ready.
+  # overlapping during a rollout would both page for the same incident.
   strategy:
     type: Recreate
   template:
     metadata:
       labels:
         {{- include "terdut-server.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }}
-      {{- if .Values.backupSidecar.enabled }}
-      annotations:
-        # Dumps the whole database: incidents, alerts, users, API key hashes,
-        # the schedule and the notification outbox.
-        #
-        # Runs in the `backup` sidecar, NOT in the app container: the server
-        # image is FROM scratch and has no interpreter at all. k8up execs into
-        # .spec.containers[0] unless told otherwise, hence the explicit
-        # k8up.io/backupcommand-container.
-        #
-        # Buffered and sanity-checked before the first byte reaches stdout: k8up
-        # streams stdout straight into restic, so a dump that dies partway is
-        # stored as a silently-truncated snapshot that k8up still reports as
-        # Succeeded. The check counts users rather than incidents -- incidents
-        # are swept and archived, so an empty incidents table is a legitimate
-        # state, whereas a database with no users never is.
-        #
-        # The connection is read-only but the mount is not: the database runs in
-        # WAL mode, and opening it mode=ro still needs write access to the -shm
-        # wal-index.
-        #
-        # chr(10), not '\n': k8up parses this annotation with go-shellquote.
-        k8up.io/backupcommand-container: backup
-        k8up.io/backupcommand: >-
-          python3 -c "import sqlite3, sys;
-          con = sqlite3.connect('file:/data/terdut.db?mode=ro', uri=True);
-          con.execute('BEGIN');
-          users = con.execute('SELECT count(*) FROM users').fetchone()[0];
-          out = chr(10).join(con.iterdump()) + chr(10);
-          (users > 0 and out.rstrip().endswith('COMMIT;'))
-          or sys.exit('terdut: db dump failed sanity checks');
-          sys.stdout.write(out)"
-        k8up.io/file-extension: ".sql"
-        k8up.io/backup: "true"
-      {{- end }}
     spec:
       enableServiceLinks: false
       containers:
@@ -67,8 +32,14 @@ spec:
           env:
             - name: TERDUT_ADDR
               value: ":{{ .Values.service.port }}"
-            - name: TERDUT_DB_PATH
+            # The connection string, from a Secret: it carries the password.
-              value: "/data/terdut.db"
+            # The wrapper chart points this at the Secret the Postgres operator
+            # writes for this database's role.
+            - name: TERDUT_DB_DSN
+              valueFrom:
+                secretKeyRef:
+                  name: {{ required "database.dsnSecret.name is required" .Values.database.dsnSecret.name }}
+                  key: {{ .Values.database.dsnSecret.key }}
             - name: TERDUT_STALE_AFTER
               value: "{{ .Values.sweeper.staleAfter }}"
             - name: TERDUT_ARCHIVE_AFTER
@@ -96,9 +67,6 @@ spec:
                   key: {{ .Values.notify.tokenSecret.key }}
             {{- end }}
             {{- end }}
-          volumeMounts:
-            - name: data
-              mountPath: /data
           livenessProbe:
             httpGet:
               path: /healthz
@@ -110,25 +78,4 @@ spec:
               port: http
             initialDelaySeconds: 5
 
-        {{- if .Values.backupSidecar.enabled }}
+
-        # Idle sidecar. It exists only so k8up has a container with a sqlite3
-        # module to exec the backupcommand in. Mounted read-write on purpose:
-        # see the note on the backupcommand annotation above.
-        - name: backup
-          image: "{{ .Values.backupSidecar.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.backupSidecar.image.tag }}"
-          imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.backupSidecar.image.pullPolicy }}
-          command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
-          volumeMounts:
-            - name: data
-              mountPath: /data
-          resources:
-            requests:
-              memory: "16Mi"
-              cpu: "10m"
-            limits:
-              memory: "64Mi"
-        {{- end }}
-      volumes:
-        - name: data
-          persistentVolumeClaim:
-            claimName: {{ .Release.Name }}-data

charts/terdut-server/templates/pvc.yaml

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
----
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
-metadata:
-  name: {{ .Release.Name }}-data
-  namespace: {{ .Release.Namespace }}
-spec:
-  storageClassName: {{ .Values.storage.storageClass | quote }}
-  accessModes:
-    - ReadWriteOnce
-  resources:
-    requests:
-      storage: {{ .Values.storage.size }}

charts/terdut-server/values.yaml

@@ -11,9 +11,16 @@ image:
   tag: "latest"
   pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
 
-storage:
+# Postgres connection, as a DSN in an existing Secret:
-  size: 1Gi
+#   postgres://user:password@host:5432/terdut?sslmode=require
-  storageClass: synology-iscsi
+#
+# The chart provisions no database. In this cluster the wrapper chart declares an
+# acid.zalan.do postgresql CR and points this at the Secret the operator writes;
+# anywhere else, any reachable Postgres will do.
+database:
+  dsnSecret:
+    name: ""
+    key: dsn
 
 service:
   type: ClusterIP
@@ -88,17 +95,10 @@ notify:
     name: ""
     key: token
 
-# The server image is FROM scratch — just the binary, with no shell, no sqlite3
+# Backups are no longer this chart's business. The SQLite database lived on a PVC
-# and no python — so a k8up backupcommand cannot run in the app container. This
+# beside the app, so it needed a sidecar with a sqlite3 module for k8up to exec a
-# idle sidecar shares the data volume and is selected with
+# dump in; Postgres is backed up where it runs, through a k8up.io/backupcommand
-# k8up.io/backupcommand-container. Only the stdlib sqlite3 module is used, so any
+# pg_dump annotation on the database pod itself.
-# python image works.
-backupSidecar:
-  enabled: true
-  image:
-    repository: python
-    tag: "3.13-alpine"
-    pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
 
 bootstrap:
   enabled: true

cmd/terdut/main.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ var version = "dev"
 func main() {
 	cfg := config.Load()
 
-	database, err := db.Open(cfg.DBPath)
+	database, err := db.Open(cfg.DSN)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("open db: %v", err)
 	}

go.mod

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ go 1.25.9
 
 require (
 	github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.2.5
+	github.com/jackc/pgerrcode v0.0.0-20250907135507-afb5586c32a6
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.11.0
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.55.0
 	modernc.org/sqlite v1.50.1
 )
@@ -11,10 +13,15 @@ require (
 require (
 	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.41.0 // indirect
 	modernc.org/libc v1.72.3 // indirect
 	modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1 // indirect
 	modernc.org/memory v1.11.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 h1:GzkhY7T5VNhEkwH0PVJgjz+fX1rhBrR7pRT3mDkpeCY=
 github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Mu1zIs6XwVuF/gI1OepvI0qD18qycQx+mFykh5fBlto=
 github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.2.5 h1:Eg4myHZBjyvJmAFjFvWgrqDTXFyOzjj7YIm3L3mu6Ug=
@@ -8,23 +11,46 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2 v2.0.7 h1:a+bsQ5rvGLjzHuww6tVxozPZFVghXaHOwFs4luLUK2k=
 github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2 v2.0.7/go.mod h1:QeFd9opnmA6QUJc5vARoKUSoFhyfM2/ZepoAG6RGpeM=
+github.com/jackc/pgerrcode v0.0.0-20250907135507-afb5586c32a6 h1:D/V0gu4zQ3cL2WKeVNVM4r2gLxGGf6McLwgXzRTo2RQ=
+github.com/jackc/pgerrcode v0.0.0-20250907135507-afb5586c32a6/go.mod h1:a/s9Lp5W7n/DD0VrVoyJ00FbP2ytTPDVOivvn2bMlds=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 h1:/6Hmqy13Ss2zCq62VdNG8tM1wchn8zjSGOBJ6icpsIM=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0/go.mod h1:CEx0iS5ambNFdcRtxPj5JhEz+xB6uRky5eyVu/W2HEg=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 h1:iCEnooe7UlwOQYpKFhBabPMi4aNAfoODPEFNiAnClxo=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761/go.mod h1:5TJZWKEWniPve33vlWYSoGYefn3gLQRzjfDlhSJ9ZKM=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.11.0 h1:IzBBtyK9AHqf98cctWFifYSci2hgQR/cd56wB4p+ogg=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.11.0/go.mod h1:mal1tBGAFfLHvZzaYh77YS/eC6IX9OWbRV1QIIM0Jn4=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 h1:PR8nw+E/1w0GLuRFSmiioY6UooMp6KJv0/61nB7icHo=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:vriiEXHvEE654aYKXXjOvZM39qJ0q+azkZFrfEOc3H4=
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
 github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v1.0.0 h1:HMFp8mLCTPp341M/ZnA4qaf7ZlsbTc+miZjCLOFAw7w=
 github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v1.0.0/go.mod h1:Fwc5htZGVVkseilnfgOVb9mKy6w1naJmn9CehxcKcls=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec h1:W09IVJc94icq4NjY3clb7Lk8O1qJ8BdBEF8z0ibU0rE=
 github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec/go.mod h1:qqbHyh8v60DhA7CoWK5oRCqLrMHRGoxYCSS9EjAz6Eo=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.55.0 h1:+KWHjbgOaAQ66dh/YlkZKHlz9ZUlq61AFirAR9ntP8M=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.55.0/go.mod h1:uq0V9dE/fzQuJtbnL+2EhWOE63vo164FY8xqEnV9xis=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.33.0 h1:tHFzIWbBifEmbwtGz65eaWyGiGZatSrT9prnU8DbVL8=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.38.0 h1:MECBjubtXD7yj4HrhIUcywNaGeNVUdfVnxmPajOk4yk=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.33.0/go.mod h1:swjeQEj+6r7fODbD2cqrnje9PnziFuw4bmLbBZFrQ5w=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.38.0/go.mod h1:V6Xz0pq8TQ3dGqVQ1FVHuelZpAL0uNhSkk9ogYP3c40=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0 h1:e0PTpb7pjO8GAtTs2dQ6jYa5BWYlMuX047Dco/pItO4=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0 h1:SZjpbeLmrCk4xhRSZFNZW5gFUeCeFgjekvI/+gfScek=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 h1:o7XGOvZQCADBQQ4Y7VNq2dRWQR7JmOUW8Kxx4ZsNgWs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.42.0 h1:uNgphsn75Tdz5Ji2q36v/nsFSfR/9BRFvqhGBaJGd5k=
+golang.org/x/text v0.41.0 h1:vz/seA0lnX87Othu2f/0L24RcgrXD9/YFTSuGjj3rH8=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.42.0/go.mod h1:Ma6lCIwGZvHK6XtgbswSoWroEkhugApmsXyrUmBhfr0=
+golang.org/x/text v0.41.0/go.mod h1:jvf1O8ajNzZqhSrQBPbutR/EB83Cc0CFrezNQIwbb5M=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.48.0 h1:3+hClM1aLL5mjMKm5ovokw9epgRXPuu2tILgismM6RE=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.48.0/go.mod h1:08xX0orndb/F7jJxGDicx061tyd5pcMto75YMAXr6lk=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.28.2 h1:3tQ0lf2ADtoby2EtSP+J7IE2SHwEJdP8ioR59wx7XpY=
 modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.28.2/go.mod h1:OnovgIhbbMXMu1aISnJ0wvVD1KnW+cAUJkIrAWh+kVI=
 modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.34.0 h1:yRLPFZieg532OT4rp4JFNIVcquwalMX26G95WQDqwCQ=

internal/api/alertmanager.go

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ func upsertAlerts(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, deadman DeadmanConfig, alerts
 		var prevStartsAt int64
 		existed := true
 		switch err := tx.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-			"SELECT status, starts_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = ?", a.Fingerprint,
+			"SELECT status, starts_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = $1", a.Fingerprint,
 		).Scan(&prevStatus, &prevStartsAt); {
 		case err == sql.ErrNoRows:
 			existed = false
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ func upsertAlerts(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, deadman DeadmanConfig, alerts
 			INSERT INTO alerts
 				(fingerprint, name, status, labels, annotations, starts_at, ends_at,
 				 generator_url, received_at, resolution_source)
-			VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+			VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4::jsonb, $5::jsonb, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10)
-			ON CONFLICT(fingerprint) DO UPDATE SET
+			ON CONFLICT (fingerprint) DO UPDATE SET
 				status            = excluded.status,
 				labels            = excluded.labels,
 				annotations       = excluded.annotations,
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func upsertAlerts(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, deadman DeadmanConfig, alerts
 		var curStatus string
 		var curStartsAt int64
 		if err := tx.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-			"SELECT id, status, starts_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = ?", a.Fingerprint,
+			"SELECT id, status, starts_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = $1", a.Fingerprint,
 		).Scan(&id, &curStatus, &curStartsAt); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ func incidentForGroup(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, notify NotifyConfig, payl
 
 	var id int64
 	switch err := tx.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-		"SELECT id FROM incidents WHERE group_key = ? AND resolved_at IS NULL", groupKey,
+		"SELECT id FROM incidents WHERE group_key = $1 AND resolved_at IS NULL", groupKey,
 	).Scan(&id); {
 	case err == nil:
 		return id, nil
@@ -349,15 +349,13 @@ func openIncident(ctx context.Context, q querier, notify NotifyConfig, groupKey,
 		labelsJSON = []byte("{}")
 	}
 
-	res, err := q.ExecContext(ctx, `
+	var id int64
+	err = q.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
 		INSERT INTO incidents (group_key, title, group_labels, status, severity, triggered_at, assigned_to)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, 'triggered', ?, ?, ?)`,
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3::jsonb, 'triggered', $4, $5, $6)
+		RETURNING id`,
 		groupKey, title, string(labelsJSON), severity,
-		time.Now().Unix(), onCall)
+		time.Now().Unix(), onCall).Scan(&id)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	id, err := res.LastInsertId()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
@@ -385,8 +383,9 @@ func openIncident(ctx context.Context, q querier, notify NotifyConfig, groupKey,
 // first time. Re-sends of an already-linked alert are silent.
 func linkAlert(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, incidentID, alertID int64) error {
 	res, err := tx.ExecContext(ctx, `
-		INSERT OR IGNORE INTO incident_alerts (incident_id, alert_id, added_at)
+		INSERT INTO incident_alerts (incident_id, alert_id, added_at)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?)`, incidentID, alertID, time.Now().Unix())
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+		ON CONFLICT (incident_id, alert_id) DO NOTHING`, incidentID, alertID, time.Now().Unix())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

internal/api/alerts.go

@@ -36,15 +36,13 @@ func handleListAlerts(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		q := r.URL.Query()
 
 		where := []string{}
-		args := []any{}
+		args := &sqlArgs{}
 
 		if status := q.Get("status"); status != "" {
-			where = append(where, "a.status = ?")
+			where = append(where, "a.status = "+args.add(status))
-			args = append(args, status)
 		}
 		if name := q.Get("name"); name != "" {
-			where = append(where, "a.name = ?")
+			where = append(where, "a.name = "+args.add(name))
-			args = append(args, name)
 		}
 		if archived := q.Get("archived"); archived == "true" {
 			where = append(where, "a.archived_at IS NOT NULL")
@@ -53,21 +51,18 @@ func handleListAlerts(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 		if incidentID := q.Get("incident_id"); incidentID != "" {
 			if n, err := strconv.ParseInt(incidentID, 10, 64); err == nil {
-				where = append(where, "a.id IN (SELECT alert_id FROM incident_alerts WHERE incident_id = ?)")
+				where = append(where, "a.id IN (SELECT alert_id FROM incident_alerts WHERE incident_id = "+args.add(n)+")")
-				args = append(args, n)
 			}
 		}
 
 		if from := q.Get("from"); from != "" {
 			if t, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02", from); err == nil {
-				where = append(where, "a.received_at >= ?")
+				where = append(where, "a.received_at >= "+args.add(t.UTC().Unix()))
-				args = append(args, t.UTC().Unix())
 			}
 		}
 		if to := q.Get("to"); to != "" {
 			if t, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02", to); err == nil {
-				where = append(where, "a.received_at < ?")
+				where = append(where, "a.received_at < "+args.add(t.UTC().AddDate(0, 0, 1).Unix()))
-				args = append(args, t.UTC().AddDate(0, 0, 1).Unix())
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -82,11 +77,10 @@ func handleListAlerts(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		if len(where) > 0 {
 			clause = strings.Join(where, " AND ")
 		}
-		args = append(args, limit)
 
 		rows, err := db.QueryContext(r.Context(),
-			fmt.Sprintf("%s WHERE %s ORDER BY a.received_at DESC LIMIT ?", alertSelectFrom, clause),
+			fmt.Sprintf("%s WHERE %s ORDER BY a.received_at DESC LIMIT %s", alertSelectFrom, clause, args.add(limit)),
-			args...)
+			args.all()...)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -128,7 +122,7 @@ func handleGetAlert(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 
 // fetchAlert loads a single alert by ID using the shared query.
 func fetchAlert(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, id int64) (models.Alert, error) {
-	return scanAlert(db.QueryRowContext(ctx, alertSelectFrom+" WHERE a.id = ?", id))
+	return scanAlert(db.QueryRowContext(ctx, alertSelectFrom+" WHERE a.id = $1", id))
 }
 
 // scanner is satisfied by both *sql.Row and *sql.Rows.

internal/api/api_test.go

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"git.ryuvia.com/niklas/terdut-server/internal/api"
-	"git.ryuvia.com/niklas/terdut-server/internal/db"
 )
 
 // ts wraps httptest.Server with a pre-bootstrapped API key. db is exposed so
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ type ts struct {
 	deadman api.DeadmanConfig
 }
 
-// newTS builds a server over a fresh in-memory database. Notifications are off
+// newTS builds a server over a fresh database. Notifications are off
 // unless a NotifyConfig is passed, so tests that predate them are unaffected.
 // Dead man's switches are off too — see newDeadmanTS.
 func newTS(t *testing.T, notify ...api.NotifyConfig) *ts {
@@ -46,15 +45,9 @@ func newDeadmanTS(t *testing.T, deadman api.DeadmanConfig, notify ...api.NotifyC
 		cfg = notify[0]
 	}
 
-	database, err := db.Open(":memory:")
+	database := newTestDB(t)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("open db: %v", err)
-	}
-	if err := db.Migrate(database); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
-	}
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(api.NewRouter(database, cfg, deadman))
-	t.Cleanup(func() { srv.Close(); database.Close() })
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
 
 	body, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{"username": "admin", "email": "admin@test.com"})
 	resp, err := http.Post(srv.URL+"/api/bootstrap", "application/json", bytes.NewReader(body))
@@ -84,7 +77,7 @@ func (s *ts) exec(t *testing.T, query string, args ...any) {
 func (s *ts) alertRow(t *testing.T, fingerprint string) (status string, source *string, archivedAt *int64) {
 	t.Helper()
 	err := s.db.QueryRow(
-		"SELECT status, resolution_source, archived_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = ?",
+		"SELECT status, resolution_source, archived_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = $1",
 		fingerprint).Scan(&status, &source, &archivedAt)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("read alert %s: %v", fingerprint, err)
@@ -96,7 +89,7 @@ func (s *ts) alertRow(t *testing.T, fingerprint string) (status string, source *
 func (s *ts) alertTimes(t *testing.T, fingerprint string) (startsAt, receivedAt int64) {
 	t.Helper()
 	err := s.db.QueryRow(
-		"SELECT starts_at, received_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = ?",
+		"SELECT starts_at, received_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = $1",
 		fingerprint).Scan(&startsAt, &receivedAt)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("read alert times %s: %v", fingerprint, err)
@@ -109,7 +102,7 @@ func (s *ts) alertEndsAt(t *testing.T, fingerprint string) *int64 {
 	t.Helper()
 	var endsAt *int64
 	if err := s.db.QueryRow(
-		"SELECT ends_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = ?", fingerprint).Scan(&endsAt); err != nil {
+		"SELECT ends_at FROM alerts WHERE fingerprint = $1", fingerprint).Scan(&endsAt); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("read ends_at %s: %v", fingerprint, err)
 	}
 	return endsAt
@@ -556,7 +549,7 @@ func TestExpiry_StaleFiringAlert(t *testing.T) {
 	postAlert(t, s, "stale1", "firing", time.Now().Add(-24*time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339), zeroTime)
 
 	// Age the last-seen timestamp past the staleness window.
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = ? WHERE fingerprint = 'stale1'",
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = $1 WHERE fingerprint = 'stale1'",
 		time.Now().Add(-10*time.Hour).Unix())
 
 	sweep(t, s, 6*time.Hour)
@@ -653,10 +646,10 @@ func TestWebhook_RefireUnarchivesAndClearsSource(t *testing.T) {
 	postAlert(t, s, "refire1", "firing", time.Now().Add(-24*time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339), zeroTime)
 
 	// Expire it, then archive it.
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = ? WHERE fingerprint = 'refire1'",
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = $1 WHERE fingerprint = 'refire1'",
 		time.Now().Add(-10*time.Hour).Unix())
 	sweep(t, s, 6*time.Hour)
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET archived_at = unixepoch() WHERE fingerprint = 'refire1'")
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET archived_at = FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint WHERE fingerprint = 'refire1'")
 
 	var alerts []map[string]any
 	decode(t, s.req(t, http.MethodGet, "/api/alerts", nil), &alerts)
@@ -714,7 +707,7 @@ func TestExpiry_EndsAtIsUpperBound(t *testing.T) {
 	// No watermark: expires on the received_at heartbeat, so the sweeper has
 	// nothing to go on but its own clock.
 	postAlert(t, s, "ub-none", "firing", time.Now().Add(-24*time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339), zeroTime)
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = ? WHERE fingerprint = 'ub-none'",
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = $1 WHERE fingerprint = 'ub-none'",
 		time.Now().Add(-10*time.Hour).Unix())
 
 	// Stale watermark: expires on the ends_at branch, and that reported time
@@ -768,7 +761,7 @@ func TestWebhook_ResendBumpsReceivedAt(t *testing.T) {
 	// received_at has one-second granularity, so back-date it to make the bump
 	// observable instead of sleeping out a second.
 	aged := time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour).Unix()
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = ? WHERE fingerprint = 'beat1'", aged)
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = $1 WHERE fingerprint = 'beat1'", aged)
 
 	// Identical re-send: same fingerprint, same startsAt, still firing.
 	postAlert(t, s, "beat1", "firing", start, zeroTime)
@@ -796,7 +789,7 @@ func TestWebhook_DiscardedRetryLeavesReceivedAtAlone(t *testing.T) {
 	postAlert(t, s, "beat2", "resolved", start, time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339))
 
 	aged := time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour).Unix()
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = ? WHERE fingerprint = 'beat2'", aged)
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = $1 WHERE fingerprint = 'beat2'", aged)
 
 	postAlert(t, s, "beat2", "firing", start, zeroTime) // stale retry, discarded
 

internal/api/archiver.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"log"
-	"strings"
+
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -91,17 +91,18 @@ func expireStale(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, staleAfter time.Duration, skip
 		return
 	}
 
-	args := make([]any, 0, len(ids)+1)
+	args := &sqlArgs{}
-	args = append(args, resolutionExpiry)
+	source := args.add(resolutionExpiry)
-	for _, id := range ids {
+	idList := make([]any, len(ids))
-		args = append(args, id)
+	for i, id := range ids {
+		idList[i] = id
 	}
 	if _, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, `
 		UPDATE alerts
 		   SET status            = 'resolved',
-		       resolution_source = ?,
+		       resolution_source = `+source+`,
-		       ends_at           = COALESCE(ends_at, unixepoch())
+		       ends_at           = COALESCE(ends_at, `+nowEpoch+`)
-		 WHERE id IN (`+placeholders(len(ids))+`)`, args...); err != nil {
+		 WHERE id IN (`+args.addList(idList)+`)`, args.all()...); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("sweeper: expire stale: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -124,14 +125,15 @@ func expireStale(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, staleAfter time.Duration, skip
 }
 
 // staleAlertIDs reads the ids in one go and closes the cursor before the caller
-// writes: the pool is limited to a single connection, so an open read would
+// writes. Under SQLite's single connection an open read would have blocked the
-// block the update behind it.
+// update outright; with a pool it is no longer a deadlock, but reading the set
+// first still keeps the write off a cursor the same transaction is walking.
 func staleAlertIDs(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, now time.Time, staleAfter time.Duration) ([]int64, error) {
 	rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, `
 		SELECT id FROM alerts
 		 WHERE status = 'firing'
 		   AND archived_at IS NULL
-		   AND ((ends_at IS NOT NULL AND ends_at < ?) OR received_at < ?)`,
+		   AND ((ends_at IS NOT NULL AND ends_at < $1) OR received_at < $2)`,
 		now.Add(-expiryGrace).Unix(), now.Add(-staleAfter).Unix())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -206,10 +208,10 @@ func settledIncidentIDs(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) ([]int64, error) {
 func archiveResolved(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, archiveAfter time.Duration) {
 	cutoff := time.Now().Add(-archiveAfter).Unix()
 	res, err := db.ExecContext(ctx,
-		`UPDATE alerts SET archived_at = unixepoch()
+		`UPDATE alerts SET archived_at = `+nowEpoch+`
 		 WHERE status = 'resolved'
 		   AND archived_at IS NULL
-		   AND COALESCE(ends_at, received_at) < ?`, cutoff)
+		   AND COALESCE(ends_at, received_at) < $1`, cutoff)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("archiver: %v", err)
 		return
@@ -223,10 +225,10 @@ func archiveResolved(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, archiveAfter time.Duration
 func archiveResolvedIncidents(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, archiveAfter time.Duration) {
 	cutoff := time.Now().Add(-archiveAfter).Unix()
 	res, err := db.ExecContext(ctx,
-		`UPDATE incidents SET archived_at = unixepoch()
+		`UPDATE incidents SET archived_at = `+nowEpoch+`
 		 WHERE resolved_at IS NOT NULL
 		   AND archived_at IS NULL
-		   AND resolved_at < ?`, cutoff)
+		   AND resolved_at < $1`, cutoff)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("archiver: incidents: %v", err)
 		return
@@ -235,8 +237,3 @@ func archiveResolvedIncidents(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, archiveAfter time
 		log.Printf("archiver: archived %d resolved incident(s)", n)
 	}
 }
-
-// placeholders builds "?, ?, …" for an IN clause of n values.
-func placeholders(n int) string {
-	return strings.TrimSuffix(strings.Repeat("?, ", n), ", ")
-}

internal/api/auth.go

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ func handleLogin(db *sql.DB, limiter *loginLimiter, publicURL string) http.Handl
 		var userID int64
 		var hash sql.NullString
 		err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-			"SELECT id, password_hash FROM users WHERE username = ?", username,
+			"SELECT id, password_hash FROM users WHERE username = $1", username,
 		).Scan(&userID, &hash)
 		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func handleLogin(db *sql.DB, limiter *loginLimiter, publicURL string) http.Handl
 		now := time.Now()
 		if _, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(), `
 			INSERT INTO sessions (token_hash, user_id, created_at, last_seen_at, expires_at, user_agent)
-			VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+			VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)`,
 			tokenHash, userID, now.Unix(), now.Unix(), now.Add(sessionTTL).Unix(), r.UserAgent()); err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ func handleLogout(db *sql.DB, publicURL string) http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 		if c, err := r.Cookie(sessionCookie); err == nil && c.Value != "" {
-			db.ExecContext(r.Context(), "DELETE FROM sessions WHERE token_hash = ?", hashToken(c.Value))
+			db.ExecContext(r.Context(), "DELETE FROM sessions WHERE token_hash = $1", hashToken(c.Value))
 		}
 		http.SetCookie(w, &http.Cookie{
 			Name:     sessionCookie,
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func handleMe(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 		var hash sql.NullString
 		db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-			"SELECT password_hash FROM users WHERE id = ?", caller.ID).Scan(&hash)
+			"SELECT password_hash FROM users WHERE id = $1", caller.ID).Scan(&hash)
 		respond(w, http.StatusOK, meResponse{User: user, HasPassword: hash.Valid})
 	}
 }
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ func handleSetPassword(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		var existing sql.NullString
 		err = db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-			"SELECT password_hash FROM users WHERE id = ?", id).Scan(&existing)
+			"SELECT password_hash FROM users WHERE id = $1", id).Scan(&existing)
 		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
 			respond(w, http.StatusNotFound, errResp("user not found"))
 			return
@@ -324,13 +324,13 @@ func handleSetPassword(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		defer tx.Rollback()
 
 		if _, err := tx.ExecContext(r.Context(),
-			"UPDATE users SET password_hash = ? WHERE id = ?", hash, id); err != nil {
+			"UPDATE users SET password_hash = $1 WHERE id = $2", hash, id); err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
 		}
 		keep, _ := sessionFromContext(r.Context()) // zero when changed with an API key
 		if _, err := tx.ExecContext(r.Context(),
-			"DELETE FROM sessions WHERE user_id = ? AND id != ?", id, keep); err != nil {
+			"DELETE FROM sessions WHERE user_id = $1 AND id != $2", id, keep); err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
 		}
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ func handleSetPassword(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 // purgeSessions deletes sessions that have expired, from the sweeper.
 func purgeSessions(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) {
 	res, err := db.ExecContext(ctx,
-		"DELETE FROM sessions WHERE expires_at < ?", time.Now().Unix())
+		"DELETE FROM sessions WHERE expires_at < $1", time.Now().Unix())
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("sweeper: purge sessions: %v", err)
 		return

internal/api/auth_test.go

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"git.ryuvia.com/niklas/terdut-server/internal/api"
-	"git.ryuvia.com/niklas/terdut-server/internal/db"
 )
 
 const adminPassword = "correct horse battery"
@@ -301,15 +300,9 @@ func TestSetPassword_EndsOtherSessionsButNotThisOne(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBootstrap_WithPassword(t *testing.T) {
-	database, err := db.Open(":memory:")
+	database := newTestDB(t)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if err := db.Migrate(database); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(api.NewRouter(database, api.NotifyConfig{}, api.DeadmanConfig{}))
-	t.Cleanup(func() { srv.Close(); database.Close() })
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
 
 	body := `{"username":"admin","email":"a@test.com","password":"` + adminPassword + `"}`
 	resp, err := http.Post(srv.URL+"/api/bootstrap", "application/json", strings.NewReader(body))

internal/api/deadman.go

@@ -225,19 +225,21 @@ func sweepDeadman(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, cfg DeadmanConfig, notify Not
 // deadmanAlerts loads every alert row that a matcher claims. The candidate query
 // is narrowed by alertname so it rides alerts_name_idx; the rest of the matching
 // happens in Go, which keeps one implementation of the rules. The rows are read
-// in full before the caller writes, because the pool holds a single connection.
+// in full before the caller writes, so the writes do not run against an open
+// cursor over the same table.
 func deadmanAlerts(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, cfg DeadmanConfig) ([]deadmanAlert, error) {
 	names := cfg.names()
-	args := make([]any, 0, len(names))
+	args := &sqlArgs{}
-	for _, n := range names {
+	nameList := make([]any, len(names))
-		args = append(args, n)
+	for i, n := range names {
+		nameList[i] = n
 	}
 
 	rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, `
 		SELECT id, fingerprint, labels, status, received_at
 		FROM   alerts
-		WHERE  name IN (`+placeholders(len(names))+`)
+		WHERE  name IN (`+args.addList(nameList)+`)
-		  AND  archived_at IS NULL`, args...)
+		  AND  archived_at IS NULL`, args.all()...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -277,8 +279,8 @@ func deadmanDied(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, cfg DeadmanConfig, notify Noti
 	var lastTriggered, open int64
 	if err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
 		SELECT COALESCE(MAX(triggered_at), 0),
-		       COALESCE(SUM(resolved_at IS NULL), 0)
+		       COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE resolved_at IS NULL)
-		FROM   incidents WHERE group_key = ?`,
+		FROM   incidents WHERE group_key = $1`,
 		sw.groupKey()).Scan(&lastTriggered, &open); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -299,9 +301,9 @@ func deadmanDied(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, cfg DeadmanConfig, notify Noti
 		if _, err := tx.ExecContext(ctx, `
 			UPDATE alerts
 			   SET status            = 'resolved',
-			       resolution_source = ?,
+			       resolution_source = $1,
-			       ends_at           = COALESCE(ends_at, unixepoch())
+			       ends_at           = COALESCE(ends_at, `+nowEpoch+`)
-			 WHERE id = ? AND status = 'firing'`, resolutionDeadman, sw.id); err != nil {
+			 WHERE id = $2 AND status = 'firing'`, resolutionDeadman, sw.id); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -341,7 +343,7 @@ func deadmanRecovered(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, sw deadmanAlert) error {
 	var incidentID int64
 	switch err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
 		SELECT id FROM incidents
-		 WHERE group_key = ? AND resolved_at IS NULL`, sw.groupKey()).Scan(&incidentID); {
+		 WHERE group_key = $1 AND resolved_at IS NULL`, sw.groupKey()).Scan(&incidentID); {
 	case err == sql.ErrNoRows:
 		return nil
 	case err != nil:
@@ -356,8 +358,8 @@ func deadmanRecovered(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, sw deadmanAlert) error {
 
 	if _, err := tx.ExecContext(ctx, `
 		UPDATE incidents
-		   SET status = 'resolved', resolved_at = ?, resolution_source = ?
+		   SET status = 'resolved', resolved_at = $1, resolution_source = $2
-		 WHERE id = ? AND resolved_at IS NULL`,
+		 WHERE id = $3 AND resolved_at IS NULL`,
 		time.Now().Unix(), incidentResolutionRecovered, incidentID); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

internal/api/deadman_test.go

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func heartbeat(t *testing.T, s *ts, fingerprint string, labels map[string]string
 // sweeper reads. There is no fake clock in this package.
 func silence(t *testing.T, s *ts, fingerprint string, ago time.Duration) {
 	t.Helper()
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = ? WHERE fingerprint = ?",
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = $1 WHERE fingerprint = $2",
 		time.Now().Add(-ago).Unix(), fingerprint)
 }
 
@@ -61,9 +61,12 @@ func silence(t *testing.T, s *ts, fingerprint string, ago time.Duration) {
 func ageIncidents(t *testing.T, s *ts, ago time.Duration) {
 	t.Helper()
 	past := time.Now().Add(-ago).Unix()
+	// $2 is cast explicitly: with NULL in the other branch Postgres has nothing
+	// to infer the parameter's type from and defaults it to text, which the
+	// bigint column then refuses.
 	s.exec(t, `UPDATE incidents
-	              SET triggered_at = ?,
+	              SET triggered_at = $1,
-	                  resolved_at  = CASE WHEN resolved_at IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE ? END`,
+	                  resolved_at  = CASE WHEN resolved_at IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE $2::bigint END`,
 		past, past)
 }
 
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ func incidentByGroup(t *testing.T, s *ts, groupKey string) (id int64, status, se
 	t.Helper()
 	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
 		SELECT id, status, COALESCE(severity, ''), resolution_source
-		FROM   incidents WHERE group_key = ? ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1`,
+		FROM   incidents WHERE group_key = $1 ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1`,
 		groupKey).Scan(&id, &status, &severity, &source)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("read incident for group %s: %v", groupKey, err)

internal/api/helpers.go

@@ -2,9 +2,67 @@ package api
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgerrcode"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgconn"
 )
 
+// sqlArgs accumulates query arguments and hands back the placeholder for each.
+//
+// Postgres numbers its placeholders, so a dynamically assembled WHERE clause has
+// to keep its $1, $2, … in step with the order of the values — which SQLite's
+// positional `?` did for free. Handing out the placeholder and storing the value
+// in one call is what keeps them in step: a filter can be added, removed or
+// reordered without renumbering anything by hand.
+type sqlArgs struct{ vals []any }
+
+// add stores v and returns the placeholder that refers to it.
+func (a *sqlArgs) add(v any) string {
+	a.vals = append(a.vals, v)
+	return "$" + strconv.Itoa(len(a.vals))
+}
+
+// addList stores every value and returns their placeholders as "$1, $2, …",
+// ready to drop into an IN (…) clause. Returns an empty string for no values,
+// which no caller should reach: `IN ()` is a syntax error in Postgres as it was
+// in SQLite, so callers check for an empty set before building the query.
+func (a *sqlArgs) addList(vs []any) string {
+	parts := make([]string, len(vs))
+	for i, v := range vs {
+		parts[i] = a.add(v)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, ", ")
+}
+
+// all returns the accumulated values, to be passed straight to Query or Exec.
+func (a *sqlArgs) all() []any { return a.vals }
+
+// nowEpoch is the SQL expression for "now, as unix seconds", matching how every
+// timestamp in this schema is stored. SQLite spelled it unixepoch().
+//
+// FLOOR, not a bare cast: EXTRACT returns fractional seconds and casting to
+// bigint rounds half up, so a row written at .6 of a second would claim a
+// timestamp one second in the future — off by one against the time.Now().Unix()
+// the Go side stamps, which is what the expiry tests measure.
+const nowEpoch = "FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint"
+
+// isUniqueViolation reports whether err is a broken unique constraint, which
+// callers turn into 409 Conflict rather than 500.
+//
+// Postgres reports it as SQLSTATE 23505 on a typed error; the SQLite driver this
+// replaced only put "UNIQUE constraint failed" in the message, which is why the
+// check used to be a substring match. Matching the code means a renamed
+// constraint or a translated message cannot quietly turn a conflict back into a
+// 500.
+func isUniqueViolation(err error) bool {
+	var pgErr *pgconn.PgError
+	return errors.As(err, &pgErr) && pgErr.Code == pgerrcode.UniqueViolation
+}
+
 func respond(w http.ResponseWriter, status int, v any) {
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	w.WriteHeader(status)

internal/api/incident_store.go

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func unixPtr(sec *int64) *time.Time {
 }
 
 func fetchIncident(ctx context.Context, q querier, id int64) (models.Incident, error) {
-	return scanIncident(q.QueryRowContext(ctx, incidentSelectFrom+" WHERE i.id = ?", id))
+	return scanIncident(q.QueryRowContext(ctx, incidentSelectFrom+" WHERE i.id = $1", id))
 }
 
 // logEvent appends one entry to an incident's timeline. A nil userID means the
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func fetchIncident(ctx context.Context, q querier, id int64) (models.Incident, e
 func logEvent(ctx context.Context, q querier, incidentID int64, evType string, userID, alertID *int64, detail *string) error {
 	_, err := q.ExecContext(ctx, `
 		INSERT INTO incident_events (incident_id, type, user_id, alert_id, detail, created_at)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)`,
 		incidentID, evType, userID, alertID, detail, time.Now().Unix())
 	return err
 }
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func todayUTC() string {
 func currentOnCall(ctx context.Context, q querier) (*int64, error) {
 	var userID int64
 	err := q.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-		"SELECT user_id FROM schedule_entries WHERE date = ?", todayUTC()).Scan(&userID)
+		"SELECT user_id FROM schedule_entries WHERE date = $1", todayUTC()).Scan(&userID)
 	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@ func severityRank(s string) int {
 // in the queue while the work is still open.
 func refreshSeverity(ctx context.Context, q querier, incidentID int64) error {
 	rows, err := q.QueryContext(ctx, `
-		SELECT json_extract(a.labels, '$.'||?)
+		SELECT a.labels ->> $1
 		FROM   incident_alerts ia
 		JOIN   alerts a ON a.id = ia.alert_id
-		WHERE  ia.incident_id = ?`, severityLabel, incidentID)
+		WHERE  ia.incident_id = $2`, severityLabel, incidentID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ func refreshSeverity(ctx context.Context, q querier, incidentID int64) error {
 	// The comparison lives in SQL so an unrelated concurrent update cannot be
 	// clobbered by a stale read.
 	_, err = q.ExecContext(ctx, `
-		UPDATE incidents SET severity = ?
+		UPDATE incidents SET severity = $1
-		 WHERE id = ?
+		 WHERE id = $2
-		   AND (severity IS NULL OR `+severityRankSQL("severity")+` < ?)`,
+		   AND (severity IS NULL OR `+severityRankSQL("severity")+` < $3)`,
 		best, incidentID, severityRank(best))
 	return err
 }
@@ -210,9 +210,9 @@ func resolveIfSettled(ctx context.Context, q querier, incidentID int64) (bool, e
 	res, err := q.ExecContext(ctx, `
 		UPDATE incidents
 		   SET status            = 'resolved',
-		       resolved_at       = ?,
+		       resolved_at       = $1,
-		       resolution_source = ?
+		       resolution_source = $2
-		 WHERE id = ?
+		 WHERE id = $3
 		   AND resolved_at IS NULL
 		   -- An incident with no members yet is mid-creation, not settled.
 		   AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM incident_alerts ia WHERE ia.incident_id = incidents.id)
@@ -245,8 +245,8 @@ func resolveIfSettled(ctx context.Context, q querier, incidentID int64) (bool, e
 func acknowledgeIncident(ctx context.Context, q querier, incidentID, userID int64) (bool, error) {
 	res, err := q.ExecContext(ctx, `
 		UPDATE incidents
-		   SET status = 'acknowledged', acknowledged_by = ?, acknowledged_at = ?
+		   SET status = 'acknowledged', acknowledged_by = $1, acknowledged_at = $2
-		 WHERE id = ? AND resolved_at IS NULL`,
+		 WHERE id = $3 AND resolved_at IS NULL`,
 		userID, time.Now().Unix(), incidentID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ func openIncidentForAlert(ctx context.Context, q querier, alertID int64) (int64,
 		SELECT i.id
 		FROM   incident_alerts ia
 		JOIN   incidents i ON i.id = ia.incident_id
-		WHERE  ia.alert_id = ? AND i.resolved_at IS NULL`, alertID).Scan(&id)
+		WHERE  ia.alert_id = $1 AND i.resolved_at IS NULL`, alertID).Scan(&id)
 	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 		return 0, nil
 	}

internal/api/incidents.go

@@ -17,13 +17,12 @@ func handleListIncidents(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		q := r.URL.Query()
 
 		where := []string{}
-		args := []any{}
+		args := &sqlArgs{}
 
 		// Without an explicit status the queue shows open work, which is what an
 		// on-call person opens the tool to see.
 		if status := q.Get("status"); status != "" {
-			where = append(where, "i.status = ?")
+			where = append(where, "i.status = "+args.add(status))
-			args = append(args, status)
 		} else {
 			where = append(where, "i.resolved_at IS NULL")
 		}
@@ -36,33 +35,27 @@ func handleListIncidents(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		// A snooze expires by simply falling into the past; nothing sweeps it.
 		if q.Get("snoozed") == "true" {
-			where = append(where, "i.snoozed_until > ?")
+			where = append(where, "i.snoozed_until > "+args.add(time.Now().Unix()))
-			args = append(args, time.Now().Unix())
 		} else {
-			where = append(where, "(i.snoozed_until IS NULL OR i.snoozed_until <= ?)")
+			where = append(where, "(i.snoozed_until IS NULL OR i.snoozed_until <= "+args.add(time.Now().Unix())+")")
-			args = append(args, time.Now().Unix())
 		}
 
 		if severity := q.Get("severity"); severity != "" {
-			where = append(where, "i.severity = ?")
+			where = append(where, "i.severity = "+args.add(severity))
-			args = append(args, severity)
 		}
 		if assignee := q.Get("assigned_to"); assignee != "" {
 			if n, err := strconv.ParseInt(assignee, 10, 64); err == nil {
-				where = append(where, "i.assigned_to = ?")
+				where = append(where, "i.assigned_to = "+args.add(n))
-				args = append(args, n)
 			}
 		}
 		if from := q.Get("from"); from != "" {
 			if t, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02", from); err == nil {
-				where = append(where, "i.triggered_at >= ?")
+				where = append(where, "i.triggered_at >= "+args.add(t.UTC().Unix()))
-				args = append(args, t.UTC().Unix())
 			}
 		}
 		if to := q.Get("to"); to != "" {
 			if t, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02", to); err == nil {
-				where = append(where, "i.triggered_at < ?")
+				where = append(where, "i.triggered_at < "+args.add(t.UTC().AddDate(0, 0, 1).Unix()))
-				args = append(args, t.UTC().AddDate(0, 0, 1).Unix())
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -77,12 +70,11 @@ func handleListIncidents(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		if q.Get("sort") == "severity" {
 			order = severityRankSQL("i.severity") + " DESC, i.triggered_at DESC"
 		}
-		args = append(args, limit)
 
 		rows, err := db.QueryContext(r.Context(),
-			fmt.Sprintf("%s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT ?",
+			fmt.Sprintf("%s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT %s",
-				incidentSelectFrom, strings.Join(where, " AND "), order),
+				incidentSelectFrom, strings.Join(where, " AND "), order, args.add(limit)),
-			args...)
+			args.all()...)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -158,7 +150,7 @@ func handleIncidentTimeline(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			       e.alert_id, e.detail, e.created_at
 			FROM   incident_events e
 			LEFT   JOIN users u ON u.id = e.user_id
-			WHERE  e.incident_id = ?
+			WHERE  e.incident_id = $1
 			ORDER  BY e.created_at ASC, e.id ASC`, id)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
@@ -214,7 +206,7 @@ func handleIncidentUnacknowledge(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		user, _ := userFromContext(r.Context())
 		if !updateOpenIncident(w, r, db, id,
 			`UPDATE incidents SET status = 'triggered', acknowledged_by = NULL, acknowledged_at = NULL
-			  WHERE id = ? AND resolved_at IS NULL`, id) {
+			  WHERE id = $1 AND resolved_at IS NULL`, id) {
 			return
 		}
 		if err := logEvent(r.Context(), db, id, evUnacknowledged, &user.ID, nil, nil); err != nil {
@@ -237,8 +229,8 @@ func handleIncidentResolve(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 		user, _ := userFromContext(r.Context())
 		if !updateOpenIncident(w, r, db, id,
-			`UPDATE incidents SET status = 'resolved', resolved_at = ?, resolution_source = ?
+			`UPDATE incidents SET status = 'resolved', resolved_at = $1, resolution_source = $2
-			  WHERE id = ? AND resolved_at IS NULL`,
+			  WHERE id = $3 AND resolved_at IS NULL`,
 			time.Now().Unix(), incidentResolutionManual, id) {
 			return
 		}
@@ -269,13 +261,13 @@ func handleIncidentAssign(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 		var exists int
 		if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-			"SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE id = ?", req.UserID).Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+			"SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE id = $1", req.UserID).Scan(&exists); err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusNotFound, errResp("user not found"))
 			return
 		}
 
 		if !updateOpenIncident(w, r, db, id,
-			"UPDATE incidents SET assigned_to = ? WHERE id = ? AND resolved_at IS NULL",
+			"UPDATE incidents SET assigned_to = $1 WHERE id = $2 AND resolved_at IS NULL",
 			req.UserID, id) {
 			return
 		}
@@ -333,7 +325,7 @@ func handleIncidentSnooze(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		user, _ := userFromContext(r.Context())
 		if !updateOpenIncident(w, r, db, id,
-			"UPDATE incidents SET snoozed_until = ? WHERE id = ? AND resolved_at IS NULL",
+			"UPDATE incidents SET snoozed_until = $1 WHERE id = $2 AND resolved_at IS NULL",
 			until.Unix(), id) {
 			return
 		}
@@ -354,7 +346,7 @@ func handleIncidentUnsnooze(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 		user, _ := userFromContext(r.Context())
 		if !updateOpenIncident(w, r, db, id,
-			"UPDATE incidents SET snoozed_until = NULL WHERE id = ? AND resolved_at IS NULL", id) {
+			"UPDATE incidents SET snoozed_until = NULL WHERE id = $1 AND resolved_at IS NULL", id) {
 			return
 		}
 		if err := logEvent(r.Context(), db, id, evUnsnoozed, &user.ID, nil, nil); err != nil {
@@ -372,7 +364,7 @@ func handleIncidentArchive(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(),
-			"UPDATE incidents SET archived_at = unixepoch() WHERE id = ?", id)
+			"UPDATE incidents SET archived_at = "+nowEpoch+" WHERE id = $1", id)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -392,7 +384,7 @@ func handleIncidentUnarchive(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(),
-			"UPDATE incidents SET archived_at = NULL WHERE id = ?", id)
+			"UPDATE incidents SET archived_at = NULL WHERE id = $1", id)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -430,14 +422,15 @@ func handleCreateNote(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		user, _ := userFromContext(r.Context())
 		now := time.Now()
-		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(), `
+		var eventID int64
+		err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(), `
 			INSERT INTO incident_events (incident_id, type, user_id, detail, created_at)
-			VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`, id, evNote, user.ID, req.Content, now.Unix())
+			VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)
+			RETURNING id`, id, evNote, user.ID, req.Content, now.Unix()).Scan(&eventID)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
 		}
-		eventID, _ := res.LastInsertId()
 
 		respond(w, http.StatusCreated, models.IncidentEvent{
 			ID:         eventID,
@@ -468,7 +461,7 @@ func handleDeleteNote(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		user, _ := userFromContext(r.Context())
 		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(), `
 			DELETE FROM incident_events
-			 WHERE id = ? AND incident_id = ? AND type = ? AND user_id = ?`,
+			 WHERE id = $1 AND incident_id = $2 AND type = $3 AND user_id = $4`,
 			eventID, id, evNote, user.ID)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
@@ -498,7 +491,7 @@ func incidentIDParam(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (int64, bool) {
 func incidentExists(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, db *sql.DB, id int64) bool {
 	var exists int
 	if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-		"SELECT 1 FROM incidents WHERE id = ?", id).Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+		"SELECT 1 FROM incidents WHERE id = $1", id).Scan(&exists); err != nil {
 		respond(w, http.StatusNotFound, errResp("incident not found"))
 		return false
 	}
@@ -538,7 +531,7 @@ func respondIncident(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, db *sql.DB, id int6
 func incidentAlerts(r *http.Request, db *sql.DB, id int64) ([]models.Alert, error) {
 	rows, err := db.QueryContext(r.Context(), alertSelectFrom+`
 		JOIN incident_alerts m ON m.alert_id = a.id
-		WHERE m.incident_id = ?
+		WHERE m.incident_id = $1
 		ORDER BY a.received_at DESC`, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err

internal/api/incidents_test.go

@@ -4,14 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"sort"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"git.ryuvia.com/niklas/terdut-server/internal/api"
-	"git.ryuvia.com/niklas/terdut-server/internal/db"
 )
 
 // amAlert builds one alert of a webhook payload.
@@ -288,7 +284,7 @@ func TestExpiry_CascadesToIncidentResolution(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTS(t)
 	postAlert(t, s, "fp-exp", "firing", time.Now().Add(-24*time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339), zeroTime)
 
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = ? WHERE fingerprint = 'fp-exp'",
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE alerts SET received_at = $1 WHERE fingerprint = 'fp-exp'",
 		time.Now().Add(-10*time.Hour).Unix())
 	sweep(t, s, 6*time.Hour)
 
@@ -611,7 +607,7 @@ func TestSweeper_ArchivesResolvedIncidents(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	s.req(t, http.MethodPost, "/api/incidents/1/resolve", nil).Body.Close()
 
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE incidents SET resolved_at = ? WHERE id = 1",
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE incidents SET resolved_at = $1 WHERE id = 1",
 		time.Now().Add(-30*24*time.Hour).Unix())
 	api.Sweep(context.Background(), s.db, 7*24*time.Hour, 6*time.Hour, s.deadman, s.notify)
 
@@ -654,8 +650,9 @@ func TestStats_Incidents(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 // An empty window is a report of zero, not a failure. SUM over no rows is NULL
-// in SQLite, which used to come back as a 500 the moment every incident was
+// in Postgres as it was in SQLite, and that used to come back as a 500 the
-// archived — the state a quiet installation settles into.
+// moment every incident was archived — the state a quiet installation settles
+// into.
 func TestStats_IncidentsEmptyWindowIsZeroNotAnError(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTS(t)
 
@@ -722,101 +719,6 @@ func TestStats_IncidentsNullMTTAWhenNothingAcknowledged(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Migration backfill
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// An upgrade must not drop the acknowledgements and comments people already
-// have, so 008 is replayed here over a database left at 007.
-func TestMigration_BackfillCarriesAckAndComments(t *testing.T) {
-	database, err := db.Open(":memory:")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("open db: %v", err)
-	}
-	t.Cleanup(func() { database.Close() })
-
-	files, err := filepath.Glob("../db/migrations/*.sql")
-	if err != nil || len(files) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("find migrations: %v", err)
-	}
-	sort.Strings(files)
-
-	var incidentsMigration string
-	for _, f := range files {
-		if filepath.Base(f) >= "008" {
-			incidentsMigration = f
-			break
-		}
-		data, err := os.ReadFile(f)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("read %s: %v", f, err)
-		}
-		if _, err := database.Exec(string(data)); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("apply %s: %v", f, err)
-		}
-	}
-	if incidentsMigration == "" {
-		t.Fatal("008 migration not found")
-	}
-
-	// A database as it would look on the old schema: an acknowledged firing
-	// alert with a comment on it.
-	if _, err := database.Exec(`
-		INSERT INTO users (id, username, email) VALUES (1, 'admin', 'admin@test.com');
-		INSERT INTO alerts (id, fingerprint, name, status, labels, annotations,
-		                    starts_at, received_at, acknowledged_by, acknowledged_at)
-		VALUES (1, 'legacy-fp', 'LegacyAlert', 'firing',
-		        '{"severity":"warning"}', '{}', 1000, 1000, 1, 1500);
-		INSERT INTO alert_comments (alert_id, user_id, content, created_at)
-		VALUES (1, 1, 'legacy comment', 1600);`); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("seed pre-008 data: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	data, err := os.ReadFile(incidentsMigration)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("read 008: %v", err)
-	}
-	if _, err := database.Exec(string(data)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("apply 008: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var status, groupKey string
-	var ackBy int64
-	var severity string
-	if err := database.QueryRow(
-		"SELECT status, group_key, acknowledged_by, severity FROM incidents WHERE id = 1",
-	).Scan(&status, &groupKey, &ackBy, &severity); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("read backfilled incident: %v", err)
-	}
-	if status != "acknowledged" {
-		t.Errorf("expected the ack to carry over as status, got %q", status)
-	}
-	if groupKey != "backfill:legacy-fp" {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected group_key %q", groupKey)
-	}
-	if ackBy != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("expected acknowledged_by 1, got %d", ackBy)
-	}
-	if severity != "warning" {
-		t.Errorf("expected severity carried from labels, got %q", severity)
-	}
-
-	var notes int
-	if err := database.QueryRow(
-		"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM incident_events WHERE type = 'note' AND detail = 'legacy comment'",
-	).Scan(&notes); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("count notes: %v", err)
-	}
-	if notes != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("expected the comment to become a note, got %d", notes)
-	}
-
-	// And the columns that caused the ack-survives-a-re-fire bug are gone.
-	if _, err := database.Exec("SELECT acknowledged_by FROM alerts"); err == nil {
-		t.Error("expected alerts.acknowledged_by to be dropped")
-	}
-}
-
 func contains(haystack []string, needle string) bool {
 	for _, s := range haystack {
 		if s == needle {

internal/api/middleware.go

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func AuthMiddleware(db *sql.DB) func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 func apiKeyUser(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, token string) (int64, bool) {
 	var keyID, userID int64
 	err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-		"SELECT id, user_id FROM api_keys WHERE key_hash = ?", hashToken(token),
+		"SELECT id, user_id FROM api_keys WHERE key_hash = $1", hashToken(token),
 	).Scan(&keyID, &userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, false
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func apiKeyUser(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, token string) (int64, bool) {
 
 	// best-effort; don't fail the request if this update fails
 	db.ExecContext(ctx,
-		"UPDATE api_keys SET last_used_at = ? WHERE id = ?",
+		"UPDATE api_keys SET last_used_at = $1 WHERE id = $2",
 		time.Now().Unix(), keyID)
 	return userID, true
 }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func sessionUser(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, token string) (sessionID, user
 	var lastSeen int64
 	err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
 		SELECT id, user_id, last_seen_at FROM sessions
-		 WHERE token_hash = ? AND expires_at > ?`,
+		 WHERE token_hash = $1 AND expires_at > $2`,
 		hashToken(token), now.Unix()).Scan(&sessionID, &userID, &lastSeen)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, 0, false
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func sessionUser(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, token string) (sessionID, user
 
 	if now.Sub(time.Unix(lastSeen, 0)) > sessionTouchEvery {
 		db.ExecContext(ctx,
-			"UPDATE sessions SET last_seen_at = ?, expires_at = ? WHERE id = ?",
+			"UPDATE sessions SET last_seen_at = $1, expires_at = $2 WHERE id = $3",
 			now.Unix(), now.Add(sessionTTL).Unix(), sessionID)
 	}
 	return sessionID, userID, true
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func serveAs(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, next http.Handler, db *sql.
 	var u models.User
 	var createdUnix int64
 	if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-		"SELECT id, username, email, created_at FROM users WHERE id = ?", userID,
+		"SELECT id, username, email, created_at FROM users WHERE id = $1", userID,
 	).Scan(&u.ID, &u.Username, &u.Email, &createdUnix); err != nil {
 		respond(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, errResp("unauthorized"))
 		return

internal/api/notifier.go

@@ -151,19 +151,20 @@ func enqueueReminders(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, cfg NotifyConfig) {
 		JOIN   incidents i ON i.id = n.incident_id
 		WHERE  n.id = (SELECT MAX(id) FROM notifications WHERE incident_id = n.incident_id)
 		  AND  n.sent_at IS NOT NULL
-		  AND  n.created_at <= ?
+		  AND  n.created_at <= $1
 		  AND  i.resolved_at IS NULL
 		  AND  i.archived_at IS NULL
 		  AND  i.status = 'triggered'
-		  AND  (i.snoozed_until IS NULL OR i.snoozed_until <= ?)`,
+		  AND  (i.snoozed_until IS NULL OR i.snoozed_until <= $2)`,
 		now.Add(-cfg.RepeatEvery).Unix(), now.Unix())
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("notifier: find reminders: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Collected before inserting: the pool is limited to a single connection, so
+	// Collected before inserting, rather than written while walking the cursor:
-	// an open cursor would block the writes behind it.
+	// the inserts below are what this query selects on, and a cursor reading its
+	// own writes is a hazard whatever the pool size.
 	var pending []due
 	for rows.Next() {
 		var d due
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ func deliverPending(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, cfg NotifyConfig) {
 			continue
 		}
 		if _, err := db.ExecContext(ctx,
-			"UPDATE notifications SET sent_at = ?, attempts = attempts + 1, last_error = NULL WHERE id = ?",
+			"UPDATE notifications SET sent_at = $1, attempts = attempts + 1, last_error = NULL WHERE id = $2",
 			time.Now().Unix(), n.id); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("notifier: mark sent %d: %v", n.id, err)
 		}
@@ -240,10 +241,10 @@ func pendingNotifications(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) ([]outboxRow, error)
 		SELECT id, incident_id, user_id, topic, kind, attempts
 		FROM   notifications
 		WHERE  sent_at IS NULL
-		  AND  send_after <= ?
+		  AND  send_after <= $1
-		  AND  attempts < ?
+		  AND  attempts < $2
 		ORDER  BY id
-		LIMIT  ?`, time.Now().Unix(), notifyMaxAttempts, notifyBatch)
+		LIMIT  $3`, time.Now().Unix(), notifyMaxAttempts, notifyBatch)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ func pendingNotifications(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) ([]outboxRow, error)
 func markFailed(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, n outboxRow, cause error) {
 	next := time.Now().Add(retryDelay(n.attempts)).Unix()
 	if _, err := db.ExecContext(ctx,
-		"UPDATE notifications SET attempts = attempts + 1, send_after = ?, last_error = ? WHERE id = ?",
+		"UPDATE notifications SET attempts = attempts + 1, send_after = $1, last_error = $2 WHERE id = $3",
 		next, cause.Error(), n.id); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("notifier: mark failed %d: %v", n.id, err)
 	}
@@ -307,7 +308,7 @@ func deliver(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, cfg NotifyConfig, n outboxRow) err
 		SELECT COUNT(*)
 		FROM   incident_alerts ia
 		JOIN   alerts a ON a.id = ia.alert_id
-		WHERE  ia.incident_id = ? AND a.status = 'firing'`, n.incidentID).Scan(&firing); err != nil {
+		WHERE  ia.incident_id = $1 AND a.status = 'firing'`, n.incidentID).Scan(&firing); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("count firing: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -475,7 +476,7 @@ func enqueueNotification(ctx context.Context, q querier, incidentID int64, userI
 	now := time.Now().Unix()
 	_, err := q.ExecContext(ctx, `
 		INSERT INTO notifications (incident_id, user_id, topic, kind, created_at, send_after)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`, incidentID, userID, topic, kind, now, now)
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)`, incidentID, userID, topic, kind, now, now)
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -489,7 +490,7 @@ func notifyTarget(ctx context.Context, q querier, cfg NotifyConfig, onCall *int6
 	if onCall != nil {
 		var t *string
 		err := q.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-			"SELECT ntfy_topic FROM users WHERE id = ?", *onCall).Scan(&t)
+			"SELECT ntfy_topic FROM users WHERE id = $1", *onCall).Scan(&t)
 		if err == nil && t != nil && *t != "" {
 			return *t, onCall
 		}
@@ -522,7 +523,7 @@ func enqueueResolved(ctx context.Context, q querier, incidentID int64) error {
 	var userID *int64
 	err := q.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
 		SELECT topic, user_id FROM notifications
-		 WHERE incident_id = ? ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1`, incidentID).Scan(&topic, &userID)
+		 WHERE incident_id = $1 ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1`, incidentID).Scan(&topic, &userID)
 	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 		return nil
 	}

internal/api/notify_ack.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func issueAckToken(ctx context.Context, q querier, incidentID, userID int64) (st
 	now := time.Now()
 	if _, err := q.ExecContext(ctx, `
 		INSERT INTO incident_ack_tokens (token_hash, incident_id, user_id, created_at, expires_at)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)`,
 		hash, incidentID, userID, now.Unix(), now.Add(ackTokenTTL).Unix()); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func handleNotifyAck(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		var incidentID, userID int64
 		err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(), `
 			SELECT incident_id, user_id FROM incident_ack_tokens
-			 WHERE token_hash = ? AND expires_at > ?`,
+			 WHERE token_hash = $1 AND expires_at > $2`,
 			hash, time.Now().Unix()).Scan(&incidentID, &userID)
 		if err != nil {
 			// Unknown and expired get the same answer, so the endpoint cannot be
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func handleNotifyAck(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 // fires in practice.
 func purgeAckTokens(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) {
 	res, err := db.ExecContext(ctx,
-		"DELETE FROM incident_ack_tokens WHERE expires_at < ?", time.Now().Unix())
+		"DELETE FROM incident_ack_tokens WHERE expires_at < $1", time.Now().Unix())
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("sweeper: purge ack tokens: %v", err)
 		return

internal/api/notify_test.go

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ func (s *ts) countNotifications(t *testing.T, kind string) int {
 	query := "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM notifications"
 	args := []any{}
 	if kind != "" {
-		query += " WHERE kind = ?"
+		query += " WHERE kind = $1"
 		args = append(args, kind)
 	}
 	if err := s.db.QueryRow(query, args...).Scan(&n); err != nil {
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ func TestNotify_ExhaustedRetriesAreRecordedOnce(t *testing.T) {
 	// One pass per attempt, each made due by clearing the backoff the last one set.
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		s.sweepNotify(t)
-		s.exec(t, "UPDATE notifications SET send_after = ? WHERE sent_at IS NULL",
+		s.exec(t, "UPDATE notifications SET send_after = $1 WHERE sent_at IS NULL",
 			time.Now().Add(-time.Second).Unix())
 	}
 
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ func TestNotify_AckRejectsExpiredToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Age the token past its TTL. The token's inputs are wall-clock timestamps,
 	// so this is the same trick the sweeper tests use.
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE incident_ack_tokens SET expires_at = ?", time.Now().Add(-time.Minute).Unix())
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE incident_ack_tokens SET expires_at = $1", time.Now().Add(-time.Minute).Unix())
 
 	resp, err := http.Post(s.URL+path, "application/json", nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ func TestNotify_SweepPurgesExpiredAckTokens(t *testing.T) {
 
 	fireCritical(t, s)
 	s.sweepNotify(t)
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE incident_ack_tokens SET expires_at = ?", time.Now().Add(-time.Minute).Unix())
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE incident_ack_tokens SET expires_at = $1", time.Now().Add(-time.Minute).Unix())
 
 	api.Sweep(context.Background(), s.db, 168*time.Hour, 6*time.Hour, s.deadman, s.notify)
 
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ func TestNotify_SweepPurgesExpiredAckTokens(t *testing.T) {
 // reminder as due.
 func (s *ts) ageNotifications(t *testing.T, by time.Duration) {
 	t.Helper()
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE notifications SET created_at = ? WHERE sent_at IS NOT NULL",
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE notifications SET created_at = $1 WHERE sent_at IS NOT NULL",
 		time.Now().Add(-by).Unix())
 }
 
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ func TestNotify_FailedDeliveryRetriesWithBackoff(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Once due and once ntfy recovers, it goes out.
 	f.failWith(http.StatusOK)
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE notifications SET send_after = ? WHERE id = 1", time.Now().Add(-time.Second).Unix())
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE notifications SET send_after = $1 WHERE id = 1", time.Now().Add(-time.Second).Unix())
 	s.sweepNotify(t)
 
 	if err := s.db.QueryRow("SELECT sent_at FROM notifications WHERE id = 1").Scan(&sentAt); err != nil {
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ func TestNotify_UnsentNotificationBlocksReminders(t *testing.T) {
 
 	fireCritical(t, s)
 	s.sweepNotify(t)
-	s.exec(t, "UPDATE notifications SET created_at = ?", time.Now().Add(-time.Hour).Unix())
+	s.exec(t, "UPDATE notifications SET created_at = $1", time.Now().Add(-time.Hour).Unix())
 	s.sweepNotify(t)
 
 	if got := s.countNotifications(t, "reminder"); got != 0 {

internal/api/schedule.go

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func handleCreateSchedule(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 
 		// Verify the user exists.
 		var exists int
-		if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(), "SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE id = ?", req.UserID).Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+		if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(), "SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE id = $1", req.UserID).Scan(&exists); err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusNotFound, errResp("user not found"))
 			return
 		}
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ func handleCreateSchedule(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		for _, d := range req.Dates {
 			if req.Replace {
 				if _, err := tx.ExecContext(r.Context(),
-					"DELETE FROM schedule_entries WHERE date = ?", d); err != nil {
+					"DELETE FROM schedule_entries WHERE date = $1", d); err != nil {
 					respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 					return
 				}
 			}
 			if _, err := tx.ExecContext(r.Context(),
-				"INSERT INTO schedule_entries (user_id, date) VALUES (?, ?)", req.UserID, d); err != nil {
+				"INSERT INTO schedule_entries (user_id, date) VALUES ($1, $2)", req.UserID, d); err != nil {
-				if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "UNIQUE constraint failed") {
+				if isUniqueViolation(err) {
 					respond(w, http.StatusConflict,
 						errResp("date already assigned: "+d+" (pass replace to take it)"))
 					return
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func handleDeleteSchedule(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			respond(w, http.StatusBadRequest, errResp("invalid schedule id"))
 			return
 		}
-		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(), "DELETE FROM schedule_entries WHERE id = ?", id)
+		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(), "DELETE FROM schedule_entries WHERE id = $1", id)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func handleCurrentSchedule(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			SELECT s.id, s.user_id, u.username, s.date, s.created_at
 			FROM   schedule_entries s
 			JOIN   users u ON u.id = s.user_id
-			WHERE  s.date = ?`, today).Scan(&e.ID, &e.UserID, &e.Username, &e.Date, &ts)
+			WHERE  s.date = $1`, today).Scan(&e.ID, &e.UserID, &e.Username, &e.Date, &ts)
 		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 			respond(w, http.StatusNotFound, errResp("no one is on call today"))
 			return
@@ -180,14 +180,12 @@ func handleCurrentSchedule(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 // from and to are YYYY-MM-DD strings; an empty string means unbounded on that side.
 func scheduleRange(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, from, to string) ([]models.ScheduleEntry, error) {
 	where := []string{}
-	args := []any{}
+	args := &sqlArgs{}
 	if from != "" {
-		where = append(where, "s.date >= ?")
+		where = append(where, "s.date >= "+args.add(from))
-		args = append(args, from)
 	}
 	if to != "" {
-		where = append(where, "s.date <= ?")
+		where = append(where, "s.date <= "+args.add(to))
-		args = append(args, to)
 	}
 
 	clause := "1=1"
@@ -200,7 +198,7 @@ func scheduleRange(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, from, to string) ([]models.S
 		FROM   schedule_entries s
 		JOIN   users u ON u.id = s.user_id
 		WHERE  `+clause+`
-		ORDER  BY s.date ASC`, args...)
+		ORDER  BY s.date ASC`, args.all()...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

internal/api/stats.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func handleStatsAlerts(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			SELECT COUNT(*),
 			       COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'firing'   THEN 1 ELSE 0 END), 0),
 			       COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'resolved' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END), 0)
-			FROM alerts WHERE %s`, where), args...,
+			FROM alerts WHERE %s`, where), args.all()...,
 		).Scan(&total, &firing, &resolved)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
@@ -47,15 +47,13 @@ func handleStatsTop(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 				limit = n
 			}
 		}
-		args = append(args, limit)
-
 		rows, err := db.QueryContext(r.Context(), fmt.Sprintf(`
 			SELECT name, COUNT(*) AS cnt
 			FROM   alerts
 			WHERE  %s
 			GROUP  BY name
 			ORDER  BY cnt DESC
-			LIMIT  ?`, where), args...)
+			LIMIT  %s`, where, args.add(limit)), args.all()...)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -84,12 +82,12 @@ func handleStatsByHour(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		where, args := statsFilter(r.URL.Query(), "received_at")
 
 		rows, err := db.QueryContext(r.Context(), fmt.Sprintf(`
-			SELECT CAST(strftime('%%H', datetime(received_at, 'unixepoch')) AS INTEGER) AS hr,
+			SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM to_timestamp(received_at) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')::int AS hr,
 			       COUNT(*) AS cnt
 			FROM   alerts
 			WHERE  %s
 			GROUP  BY hr
-			ORDER  BY hr ASC`, where), args...)
+			ORDER  BY hr ASC`, where), args.all()...)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -123,14 +121,15 @@ func handleStatsByDay(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		where, args := statsFilter(r.URL.Query(), "received_at")
 
-		// SQLite strftime('%w') → 0=Sunday … 6=Saturday
+		// Postgres EXTRACT(DOW …) → 0=Sunday … 6=Saturday, the same numbering
+		// SQLite's strftime('%w') returned, so the frontend needs no change.
 		rows, err := db.QueryContext(r.Context(), fmt.Sprintf(`
-			SELECT CAST(strftime('%%w', datetime(received_at, 'unixepoch')) AS INTEGER) AS dow,
+			SELECT EXTRACT(DOW FROM to_timestamp(received_at) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')::int AS dow,
 			       COUNT(*) AS cnt
 			FROM   alerts
 			WHERE  %s
 			GROUP  BY dow
-			ORDER  BY dow ASC`, where), args...)
+			ORDER  BY dow ASC`, where), args.all()...)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ func handleStatsIncidents(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			                THEN acknowledged_at - triggered_at END),
 			       AVG(CASE WHEN resolved_at IS NOT NULL
 			                THEN resolved_at - triggered_at END)
-			FROM incidents WHERE %s`, where), args...,
+			FROM incidents WHERE %s`, where), args.all()...,
 		).Scan(&total, &triggered, &acknowledged, &resolved, &mtta, &mttr)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
@@ -207,18 +206,17 @@ func handleStatsIncidents(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 // statsFilter builds a WHERE clause and args from optional ?from and ?to query
 // params, filtering on timeCol. Archived rows are always excluded, matching the
 // default list views.
-func statsFilter(q url.Values, timeCol string) (where string, args []any) {
+func statsFilter(q url.Values, timeCol string) (where string, args *sqlArgs) {
+	args = &sqlArgs{}
 	clauses := []string{"archived_at IS NULL"}
 	if from := q.Get("from"); from != "" {
 		if t, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02", from); err == nil {
-			clauses = append(clauses, timeCol+" >= ?")
+			clauses = append(clauses, timeCol+" >= "+args.add(t.UTC().Unix()))
-			args = append(args, t.UTC().Unix())
 		}
 	}
 	if to := q.Get("to"); to != "" {
 		if t, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02", to); err == nil {
-			clauses = append(clauses, timeCol+" < ?")
+			clauses = append(clauses, timeCol+" < "+args.add(t.UTC().AddDate(0, 0, 1).Unix()))
-			args = append(args, t.UTC().AddDate(0, 0, 1).Unix())
 		}
 	}
 	return strings.Join(clauses, " AND "), args

internal/api/testdb_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package api_test
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.ryuvia.com/niklas/terdut-server/internal/db"
+)
+
+// Tests run against a real Postgres, because the server does. SQLite's
+// ":memory:" gave every test a private database for free; Postgres has no
+// equivalent, so isolation is bought with a schema per test.
+//
+// A schema rather than a database: CREATE DATABASE copies a template on disk and
+// costs a hundred milliseconds or so each time, while CREATE SCHEMA plus the one
+// baseline migration is a few, and the suite runs a few hundred of them. Each
+// test's pool is pinned to its own schema through search_path, so two tests
+// cannot see each other's rows even though they share a server.
+//
+// TERDUT_TEST_DSN must point at a database the test role may create schemas in:
+//
+//	postgres://terdut:terdut@localhost:5432/terdut_test?sslmode=disable
+//
+// `make test-db` starts one locally; ci.yaml runs one as a service container.
+// An unset DSN fails rather than skips, deliberately — a suite that quietly
+// tests nothing is worse than one that does not run.
+const testDSNEnv = "TERDUT_TEST_DSN"
+
+var schemaSeq int
+
+// newTestDB returns a migrated database private to this test, and drops it
+// afterwards.
+func newTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	dsn := os.Getenv(testDSNEnv)
+	if dsn == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("%s is not set: these tests need Postgres.\n"+
+			"Run `make test-db` for a local one, then\n"+
+			"  export %s=postgres://terdut:terdut@localhost:5432/terdut_test?sslmode=disable",
+			testDSNEnv, testDSNEnv)
+	}
+
+	schemaSeq++
+	schema := fmt.Sprintf("test_%d_%d", os.Getpid(), schemaSeq)
+
+	admin, err := sql.Open("pgx", dsn)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("connect to %s: %v", testDSNEnv, err)
+	}
+	defer admin.Close()
+	if _, err := admin.Exec("CREATE SCHEMA " + schema); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create schema %s: %v", schema, err)
+	}
+
+	database, err := db.Open(withSearchPath(dsn, schema))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open db: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.Migrate(database); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		database.Close()
+		cleanup, err := sql.Open("pgx", dsn)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		defer cleanup.Close()
+		if _, err := cleanup.Exec("DROP SCHEMA " + schema + " CASCADE"); err != nil {
+			t.Logf("drop schema %s: %v", schema, err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	return database
+}
+
+// withSearchPath pins a DSN to one schema, so every connection the pool opens
+// lands there and nothing has to qualify a table name.
+//
+// Handles both DSN spellings: a postgres:// URL, and libpq's keyword/value form.
+func withSearchPath(dsn, schema string) string {
+	opt := "-csearch_path=" + schema
+
+	if strings.HasPrefix(dsn, "postgres://") || strings.HasPrefix(dsn, "postgresql://") {
+		u, err := url.Parse(dsn)
+		if err == nil {
+			q := u.Query()
+			q.Set("options", opt)
+			u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+			return u.String()
+		}
+	}
+	return dsn + " options='" + opt + "'"
+}

internal/api/users.go

@@ -56,27 +56,26 @@ func handleBootstrap(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 
-		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(),
+		var userID int64
-			"INSERT INTO users (username, email, password_hash) VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
+		if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-			req.Username, req.Email, passwordHash)
+			"INSERT INTO users (username, email, password_hash) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING id",
-		if err != nil {
+			req.Username, req.Email, passwordHash).Scan(&userID); err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
 		}
-		userID, _ := res.LastInsertId()
 
 		raw, hash, err := randomToken()
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
 		}
-		keyRes, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(),
+		var keyID int64
-			"INSERT INTO api_keys (user_id, key_hash, name) VALUES (?, ?, ?)", userID, hash, "bootstrap")
+		if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-		if err != nil {
+			"INSERT INTO api_keys (user_id, key_hash, name) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING id",
+			userID, hash, "bootstrap").Scan(&keyID); err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
 		}
-		keyID, _ := keyRes.LastInsertId()
 
 		user, _ := fetchUser(r.Context(), db, userID)
 		key := models.APIKey{ID: keyID, UserID: userID, Name: "bootstrap", Key: raw, CreatedAt: user.CreatedAt}
@@ -124,17 +123,17 @@ func handleCreateUser(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 
-		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(),
+		var id int64
-			"INSERT INTO users (username, email) VALUES (?, ?)", req.Username, req.Email)
+		if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-		if err != nil {
+			"INSERT INTO users (username, email) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING id",
-			if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "UNIQUE constraint failed") {
+			req.Username, req.Email).Scan(&id); err != nil {
+			if isUniqueViolation(err) {
 				respond(w, http.StatusConflict, errResp("username or email already exists"))
 				return
 			}
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
 		}
-		id, _ := res.LastInsertId()
 		user, _ := fetchUser(r.Context(), db, id)
 		respond(w, http.StatusCreated, user)
 	}
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ func handleSetNotifyTarget(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 
 		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(),
-			"UPDATE users SET ntfy_topic = ? WHERE id = ?", topic, id)
+			"UPDATE users SET ntfy_topic = $1 WHERE id = $2", topic, id)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ func handleDeleteUser(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			respond(w, http.StatusBadRequest, errResp("invalid user id"))
 			return
 		}
-		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(), "DELETE FROM users WHERE id = ?", id)
+		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(), "DELETE FROM users WHERE id = $1", id)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@ func handleCreateAPIKey(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 
 		var exists int
-		if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(), "SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE id = ?", userID).Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+		if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(), "SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE id = $1", userID).Scan(&exists); err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusNotFound, errResp("user not found"))
 			return
 		}
@@ -236,13 +235,13 @@ func handleCreateAPIKey(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
 		}
-		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(),
+		var keyID int64
-			"INSERT INTO api_keys (user_id, key_hash, name) VALUES (?, ?, ?)", userID, hash, req.Name)
+		if err := db.QueryRowContext(r.Context(),
-		if err != nil {
+			"INSERT INTO api_keys (user_id, key_hash, name) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING id",
+			userID, hash, req.Name).Scan(&keyID); err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
 		}
-		keyID, _ := res.LastInsertId()
 		key := models.APIKey{ID: keyID, UserID: userID, Name: req.Name, Key: raw, CreatedAt: time.Now().UTC()}
 		respond(w, http.StatusCreated, key)
 	}
@@ -262,7 +261,7 @@ func handleDeleteAPIKey(db *sql.DB) http.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 
 		res, err := db.ExecContext(r.Context(),
-			"DELETE FROM api_keys WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?", keyID, userID)
+			"DELETE FROM api_keys WHERE id = $1 AND user_id = $2", keyID, userID)
 		if err != nil {
 			respond(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, errResp("internal error"))
 			return
@@ -293,7 +292,7 @@ func fetchUser(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, id int64) (models.User, error) {
 	var u models.User
 	var ts int64
 	err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx,
-		"SELECT id, username, email, created_at, ntfy_topic FROM users WHERE id = ?", id).
+		"SELECT id, username, email, created_at, ntfy_topic FROM users WHERE id = $1", id).
 		Scan(&u.ID, &u.Username, &u.Email, &ts, &u.NtfyTopic)
 	if err != nil {
 		return u, err

internal/config/config.go

@@ -7,7 +7,14 @@ import (
 
 type Config struct {
 	Addr string
-	DBPath       string
+
+	// DSN is the Postgres connection string, e.g.
+	// postgres://terdut:secret@host:5432/terdut?sslmode=require. Required:
+	// unlike the SQLite path it replaced there is no sensible default, and a
+	// server that silently came up against the wrong database would be worse
+	// than one that refuses to start.
+	DSN string
+
 	ArchiveAfter time.Duration
 
 	// StaleAfter is how long a firing alert may go without a refreshing webhook
@@ -59,10 +66,6 @@ func Load() Config {
 	if addr == "" {
 		addr = ":8080"
 	}
-	dbPath := os.Getenv("TERDUT_DB_PATH")
-	if dbPath == "" {
-		dbPath = "terdut.db"
-	}
 	deadmanMatchers := os.Getenv("TERDUT_DEADMAN_MATCHERS")
 	if deadmanMatchers == "" {
 		deadmanMatchers = "alertname=Watchdog"
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ func Load() Config {
 	}
 	return Config{
 		Addr:         addr,
-		DBPath:       dbPath,
+		DSN:          os.Getenv("TERDUT_DB_DSN"),
 		ArchiveAfter: duration("TERDUT_ARCHIVE_AFTER", 7*24*time.Hour),
 		StaleAfter:   duration("TERDUT_STALE_AFTER", 6*time.Hour),
 

internal/db/db.go

@@ -7,24 +7,32 @@ import (
 	"io/fs"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
-	_ "modernc.org/sqlite"
+	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
 )
 
 //go:embed migrations
 var migrationsFS embed.FS
 
-func Open(path string) (*sql.DB, error) {
+// Open connects to Postgres. dsn is a libpq connection string or URL, e.g.
-	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite", path)
+// postgres://terdut:secret@localhost:5432/terdut?sslmode=disable.
+//
+// The pool is modest on purpose: this server's concurrency comes from a handful
+// of HTTP handlers plus two background loops, and a cloud-native-pg instance
+// sized for it has a low max_connections. It is still a pool, unlike the single
+// connection SQLite forced, so the notifier no longer blocks a webhook.
+func Open(dsn string) (*sql.DB, error) {
+	if dsn == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty DSN: set TERDUT_DB_DSN")
+	}
+	db, err := sql.Open("pgx", dsn)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// SQLite does not support concurrent writers; a single connection avoids locking errors.
+	db.SetMaxOpenConns(10)
-	db.SetMaxOpenConns(1)
+	db.SetMaxIdleConns(5)
-	if _, err := db.Exec("PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL; PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON;"); err != nil {
+	db.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Hour)
-		db.Close()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("set pragmas: %w", err)
-	}
 	if err := db.Ping(); err != nil {
 		db.Close()
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ping: %w", err)
@@ -32,10 +40,16 @@ func Open(path string) (*sql.DB, error) {
 	return db, nil
 }
 
+// Migrate applies every embedded migration that has not been applied yet, in
+// filename order, recording each in schema_migrations.
+//
+// Each file runs inside a transaction, which SQLite's version did not do: a
+// migration that failed half way used to leave the schema in whatever state it
+// had reached. Postgres has transactional DDL, so the rollback is real.
 func Migrate(db *sql.DB) error {
 	if _, err := db.Exec(`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_migrations (
 		version    TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-		applied_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+		applied_at BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint
 	)`); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create schema_migrations: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -55,7 +69,7 @@ func Migrate(db *sql.DB) error {
 
 	for _, name := range files {
 		var count int
-		if err := db.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM schema_migrations WHERE version = ?", name).Scan(&count); err != nil {
+		if err := db.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM schema_migrations WHERE version = $1", name).Scan(&count); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("check migration %s: %w", name, err)
 		}
 		if count > 0 {
@@ -67,13 +81,28 @@ func Migrate(db *sql.DB) error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("read migration %s: %w", name, err)
 		}
 
-		if _, err := db.Exec(string(data)); err != nil {
+		if err := applyMigration(db, name, string(data)); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("apply migration %s: %w", name, err)
+			return err
-		}
-
-		if _, err := db.Exec("INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES (?)", name); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("record migration %s: %w", name, err)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+func applyMigration(db *sql.DB, name, body string) error {
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("begin migration %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(body); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("apply migration %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec("INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ($1)", name); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("record migration %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("commit migration %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

internal/db/migrations/001_baseline.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+-- The Postgres baseline: the schema as it stood at the end of the SQLite line,
+-- in one file rather than ten.
+--
+-- The ten SQLite migrations are in git history up to the commit that introduced
+-- this one, and they replay against nothing here: their shape was incremental
+-- (columns added, then dropped again in 008) and 008's backfill rewrote data
+-- that a Postgres install never had. An existing SQLite database is carried over
+-- by scripts/sqlite-to-postgres.go, which copies rows into this schema.
+--
+-- Two conventions inherited deliberately:
+--
+--   * Timestamps are BIGINT unix seconds, not timestamptz. Everything in Go
+--     already speaks epochs, and converting was a second change riding along
+--     with the port. Worth revisiting on its own.
+--
+--   * Ids are GENERATED BY DEFAULT, not ALWAYS, so the migration script can
+--     insert rows with their original ids and keep every foreign key intact.
+--     setval at the end of the copy puts the sequences past them.
+
+CREATE TABLE users (
+    id            BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    username      TEXT   NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    email         TEXT   NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    created_at    BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint,
+    -- Where this user's notifications go. NULL means they get none; incidents
+    -- assigned to them fall back to the configured fallback topic.
+    ntfy_topic    TEXT,
+    -- NULL means the user has no password and can only use API keys.
+    password_hash TEXT
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE api_keys (
+    id           BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    user_id      BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    key_hash     TEXT   NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    name         TEXT   NOT NULL,
+    created_at   BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint,
+    last_used_at BIGINT
+);
+
+-- A session is a browser's credential, the cookie counterpart of an API key:
+-- only the hash of the token is stored. expires_at slides forward while the
+-- session is in use, so an on-call phone stays signed in.
+CREATE TABLE sessions (
+    id           BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    token_hash   TEXT   NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    user_id      BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    created_at   BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    last_seen_at BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    expires_at   BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    user_agent   TEXT
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_sessions_user ON sessions(user_id);
+
+-- The machine-owned signal record: what Alertmanager says is true right now.
+-- Workflow state lives on incidents, never here, because the webhook upsert owns
+-- these rows and would overwrite it.
+CREATE TABLE alerts (
+    id                BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    fingerprint       TEXT   NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    name              TEXT   NOT NULL,
+    status            TEXT   NOT NULL CHECK (status IN ('firing', 'resolved')),
+    labels            JSONB  NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb,
+    annotations       JSONB  NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb,
+    starts_at         BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    ends_at           BIGINT,
+    generator_url     TEXT   NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+    received_at       BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint,
+    archived_at       BIGINT,
+    -- Why the alert left the firing state: 'alertmanager' when a resolved
+    -- webhook set it, 'expiry' when the sweeper inferred it from staleness.
+    resolution_source TEXT
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX alerts_status_idx      ON alerts(status);
+CREATE INDEX alerts_name_idx        ON alerts(name);
+CREATE INDEX alerts_received_at_idx ON alerts(received_at DESC);
+CREATE INDEX alerts_archived_at_idx ON alerts(archived_at);
+
+CREATE TABLE schedule_entries (
+    id         BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    user_id    BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    date       TEXT   NOT NULL UNIQUE,  -- YYYY-MM-DD; one person per day
+    created_at BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX schedule_entries_date_idx ON schedule_entries(date);
+
+-- The human work item: what people acknowledge, assign, snooze, discuss and
+-- resolve. Correlation uses Alertmanager's own groupKey, so incidents follow the
+-- group_by routing tree the operator already tuned.
+CREATE TABLE incidents (
+    id                BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    group_key         TEXT   NOT NULL,                     -- Alertmanager groupKey, opaque
+    title             TEXT   NOT NULL,                     -- rendered from group_labels
+    group_labels      JSONB  NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb,
+    status            TEXT   NOT NULL CHECK (status IN ('triggered', 'acknowledged', 'resolved')),
+    severity          TEXT,                                -- highest `severity` label across firing members
+    triggered_at      BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    acknowledged_by   BIGINT REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
+    acknowledged_at   BIGINT,
+    assigned_to       BIGINT REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
+    snoozed_until     BIGINT,
+    resolved_at       BIGINT,
+    resolution_source TEXT,                                -- 'alerts' | 'manual'
+    archived_at       BIGINT
+);
+
+-- Load-bearing: at most one OPEN incident per group_key. This is what makes
+-- "resolved incident + a new alert occurrence = a new incident" work, and it is
+-- the constraint the webhook's find-or-open lookup relies on.
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX incidents_open_group_key_idx ON incidents(group_key) WHERE resolved_at IS NULL;
+CREATE INDEX incidents_status_idx       ON incidents(status);
+CREATE INDEX incidents_triggered_at_idx ON incidents(triggered_at DESC);
+CREATE INDEX incidents_archived_at_idx  ON incidents(archived_at);
+
+-- Membership is historical, not a pointer on alerts: one alert row (one
+-- fingerprint) resolves and re-fires over time and belongs to a different
+-- incident each occurrence.
+CREATE TABLE incident_alerts (
+    incident_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES incidents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    alert_id    BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES alerts(id)    ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    added_at    BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint,
+    PRIMARY KEY (incident_id, alert_id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX incident_alerts_alert_id_idx ON incident_alerts(alert_id);
+
+-- The timeline. Append-only, and the only history this server keeps: alert rows
+-- are mutated in place, so without this there is no record that anything
+-- happened. Notes are events too, so one query renders the whole story.
+CREATE TABLE incident_events (
+    id          BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    incident_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES incidents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    -- triggered | alert_added | alert_resolved | acknowledged | unacknowledged
+    -- | assigned | snoozed | unsnoozed | resolved | note | notified | notify_failed
+    type        TEXT   NOT NULL,
+    user_id     BIGINT REFERENCES users(id)  ON DELETE SET NULL, -- NULL = the server acted
+    alert_id    BIGINT REFERENCES alerts(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
+    detail      TEXT,
+    created_at  BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM now()))::bigint
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX incident_events_incident_idx ON incident_events(incident_id, created_at);
+
+-- Delivery is an outbox rather than an inline HTTP call: a POST made while
+-- holding the webhook's transaction would hold a connection open across a
+-- network round trip. The webhook inserts a row; the notifier goroutine
+-- delivers it.
+CREATE TABLE notifications (
+    id          BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    incident_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES incidents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    -- Nullable: a notification sent to the fallback topic belongs to nobody,
+    -- because nobody was on call when the incident opened.
+    user_id     BIGINT REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
+    topic       TEXT   NOT NULL,            -- resolved at enqueue: who was on call then
+    kind        TEXT   NOT NULL CHECK (kind IN ('triggered', 'reminder', 'resolved')),
+    created_at  BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    send_after  BIGINT NOT NULL,            -- retry backoff watermark
+    attempts    BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    sent_at     BIGINT,
+    last_error  TEXT                        -- kept after the last attempt, for debugging
+);
+
+-- The delivery loop's only query: what is due and still unsent.
+CREATE INDEX notifications_pending_idx  ON notifications(send_after) WHERE sent_at IS NULL;
+-- Reminders and resolved notices both look up an incident's newest row.
+CREATE INDEX notifications_incident_idx ON notifications(incident_id, id DESC);
+
+-- A notification body is stored on the ntfy server and cached on the device, so
+-- a real API key must never appear in one. Each delivery mints its own token
+-- instead: one incident, one action, one day.
+CREATE TABLE incident_ack_tokens (
+    token_hash  TEXT   PRIMARY KEY,         -- SHA-256 of the raw token, as with api_keys
+    incident_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES incidents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    user_id     BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id)     ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    created_at  BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    expires_at  BIGINT NOT NULL
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX incident_ack_tokens_expires_idx ON incident_ack_tokens(expires_at);

internal/db/migrations/001_foundation.sql

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
--- Stage 1 foundation. No tables yet; subsequent migrations add schema.
-SELECT 1;

internal/db/migrations/002_users_api_keys.sql

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-CREATE TABLE users (
-    id         INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-    username   TEXT    NOT NULL UNIQUE,
-    email      TEXT    NOT NULL UNIQUE,
-    created_at INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (strftime('%s', 'now'))
-);
-
-CREATE TABLE api_keys (
-    id           INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-    user_id      INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    key_hash     TEXT    NOT NULL UNIQUE,
-    name         TEXT    NOT NULL,
-    created_at   INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (strftime('%s', 'now')),
-    last_used_at INTEGER
-);

internal/db/migrations/003_alerts.sql

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-CREATE TABLE alerts (
-    id            INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-    fingerprint   TEXT    NOT NULL UNIQUE,
-    name          TEXT    NOT NULL,
-    status        TEXT    NOT NULL CHECK(status IN ('firing', 'resolved')),
-    labels        TEXT    NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
-    annotations   TEXT    NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
-    starts_at     INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    ends_at       INTEGER,
-    generator_url TEXT    NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
-    received_at   INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (strftime('%s', 'now'))
-);
-
-CREATE INDEX alerts_status_idx     ON alerts(status);
-CREATE INDEX alerts_name_idx       ON alerts(name);
-CREATE INDEX alerts_received_at_idx ON alerts(received_at DESC);

internal/db/migrations/004_alert_ack_comments.sql

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-ALTER TABLE alerts ADD COLUMN acknowledged_by INTEGER REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE SET NULL;
-ALTER TABLE alerts ADD COLUMN acknowledged_at INTEGER;
-
-CREATE TABLE alert_comments (
-    id         INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-    alert_id   INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES alerts(id)  ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    user_id    INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id)   ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    content    TEXT    NOT NULL,
-    created_at INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (strftime('%s', 'now'))
-);
-
-CREATE INDEX alert_comments_alert_id_idx ON alert_comments(alert_id);

internal/db/migrations/005_schedule.sql

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-CREATE TABLE schedule_entries (
-    id         INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-    user_id    INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    date       TEXT    NOT NULL UNIQUE,  -- YYYY-MM-DD; one person per day
-    created_at INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (strftime('%s', 'now'))
-);
-
-CREATE INDEX schedule_entries_date_idx ON schedule_entries(date);

internal/db/migrations/006_alert_archive.sql

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-ALTER TABLE alerts ADD COLUMN archived_at INTEGER;
-CREATE INDEX alerts_archived_at_idx ON alerts(archived_at);

internal/db/migrations/007_alert_resolution_source.sql

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
--- Records why an alert left the firing state: 'alertmanager' when a resolved
--- webhook set it, 'expiry' when the sweeper inferred it from staleness.
--- NULL for firing alerts and for rows that predate this migration.
-ALTER TABLE alerts ADD COLUMN resolution_source TEXT;

internal/db/migrations/008_incidents.sql

@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
--- Splits the single alerts row into two objects, the way an incident management
--- tool needs them: alerts stay the machine-owned signal record that Alertmanager
--- writes, and incidents become the human work item people acknowledge, assign,
--- snooze, discuss and resolve.
---
--- Correlation uses Alertmanager's own groupKey, so incidents follow the group_by
--- routing tree the operator already tuned rather than a second grouping scheme
--- invented here.
-
-CREATE TABLE incidents (
-    id                INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-    group_key         TEXT    NOT NULL,              -- Alertmanager groupKey, opaque
-    title             TEXT    NOT NULL,              -- rendered from group_labels
-    group_labels      TEXT    NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}', -- JSON
-    status            TEXT    NOT NULL CHECK(status IN ('triggered', 'acknowledged', 'resolved')),
-    severity          TEXT,                          -- highest `severity` label across firing members
-    triggered_at      INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    acknowledged_by   INTEGER REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
-    acknowledged_at   INTEGER,
-    assigned_to       INTEGER REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
-    snoozed_until     INTEGER,
-    resolved_at       INTEGER,
-    resolution_source TEXT,                          -- 'alerts' | 'manual'
-    archived_at       INTEGER
-);
-
--- Load-bearing: at most one OPEN incident per group_key. This is what makes
--- "resolved incident + a new alert occurrence = a new incident" work, and it is
--- the constraint the webhook's find-or-open lookup relies on.
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX incidents_open_group_key_idx ON incidents(group_key) WHERE resolved_at IS NULL;
-CREATE INDEX incidents_status_idx       ON incidents(status);
-CREATE INDEX incidents_triggered_at_idx ON incidents(triggered_at DESC);
-CREATE INDEX incidents_archived_at_idx  ON incidents(archived_at);
-
--- Membership is historical, not a pointer on alerts: one alert row (one
--- fingerprint) resolves and re-fires over time and belongs to a different
--- incident each occurrence.
-CREATE TABLE incident_alerts (
-    incident_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES incidents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    alert_id    INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES alerts(id)    ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    added_at    INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (strftime('%s', 'now')),
-    PRIMARY KEY (incident_id, alert_id)
-);
-
-CREATE INDEX incident_alerts_alert_id_idx ON incident_alerts(alert_id);
-
--- The timeline. Append-only, and the only history this server keeps: alert rows
--- are mutated in place, so without this there is no record that anything
--- happened. Notes are events too, so one query renders the whole story.
-CREATE TABLE incident_events (
-    id          INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-    incident_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES incidents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    -- triggered | alert_added | alert_resolved | acknowledged | unacknowledged
-    -- | assigned | snoozed | unsnoozed | resolved | note
-    type        TEXT    NOT NULL,
-    user_id     INTEGER REFERENCES users(id)  ON DELETE SET NULL, -- NULL = the server acted
-    alert_id    INTEGER REFERENCES alerts(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
-    detail      TEXT,
-    created_at  INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (strftime('%s', 'now'))
-);
-
-CREATE INDEX incident_events_incident_idx ON incident_events(incident_id, created_at);
-
--- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- Backfill
---
--- Every pre-existing alert gets its own incident, archived ones included, so no
--- acknowledgement and no comment is orphaned. There is no historical groupKey to
--- correlate on, hence one incident per fingerprint under a 'backfill:' prefix
--- that can never collide with a real Alertmanager groupKey.
--- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-INSERT INTO incidents (group_key, title, group_labels, status, severity, triggered_at,
-                       acknowledged_by, acknowledged_at, assigned_to,
-                       resolved_at, resolution_source, archived_at)
-SELECT 'backfill:' || a.fingerprint,
-       a.name,
-       json_object('alertname', a.name),
-       CASE WHEN a.status = 'resolved'          THEN 'resolved'
-            WHEN a.acknowledged_by IS NOT NULL  THEN 'acknowledged'
-            ELSE 'triggered' END,
-       json_extract(a.labels, '$.severity'),
-       a.starts_at,
-       a.acknowledged_by,
-       a.acknowledged_at,
-       a.acknowledged_by,
-       CASE WHEN a.status = 'resolved' THEN COALESCE(a.ends_at, a.received_at) END,
-       CASE WHEN a.status = 'resolved' THEN 'alerts' END,
-       a.archived_at
-FROM alerts a;
-
-INSERT INTO incident_alerts (incident_id, alert_id, added_at)
-SELECT i.id, a.id, a.starts_at
-FROM alerts a
-JOIN incidents i ON i.group_key = 'backfill:' || a.fingerprint;
-
-INSERT INTO incident_events (incident_id, type, alert_id, created_at)
-SELECT i.id, 'triggered', ia.alert_id, i.triggered_at
-FROM incidents i JOIN incident_alerts ia ON ia.incident_id = i.id;
-
-INSERT INTO incident_events (incident_id, type, user_id, created_at)
-SELECT i.id, 'acknowledged', i.acknowledged_by, i.acknowledged_at
-FROM incidents i WHERE i.acknowledged_at IS NOT NULL;
-
-INSERT INTO incident_events (incident_id, type, created_at)
-SELECT i.id, 'resolved', i.resolved_at
-FROM incidents i WHERE i.resolved_at IS NOT NULL;
-
-INSERT INTO incident_events (incident_id, type, user_id, alert_id, detail, created_at)
-SELECT ia.incident_id, 'note', c.user_id, c.alert_id, c.content, c.created_at
-FROM alert_comments c
-JOIN incident_alerts ia ON ia.alert_id = c.alert_id;
-
--- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- Workflow state now lives on incidents only. Leaving these behind would keep
--- the bug they caused: the webhook upsert owns the alerts row and never cleared
--- the acknowledgement, so a re-fire days later still read as acknowledged.
--- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-DROP TABLE alert_comments;
-
-ALTER TABLE alerts DROP COLUMN acknowledged_by;
-ALTER TABLE alerts DROP COLUMN acknowledged_at;

internal/db/migrations/009_notifications.sql

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
--- Adds push notification delivery, so an incident reaches the person on call
--- instead of waiting to be discovered.
---
--- Delivery is an outbox rather than an inline HTTP call: the pool is limited to
--- a single connection, so a POST made while holding the webhook's transaction
--- would stall every other request behind it. The webhook inserts a row; the
--- notifier goroutine delivers it.
-
-CREATE TABLE notifications (
-    id          INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-    incident_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES incidents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    -- Nullable: a notification sent to the fallback topic belongs to nobody,
-    -- because nobody was on call when the incident opened.
-    user_id     INTEGER REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
-    topic       TEXT    NOT NULL,              -- resolved at enqueue: who was on call then
-    kind        TEXT    NOT NULL CHECK(kind IN ('triggered', 'reminder', 'resolved')),
-    created_at  INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    send_after  INTEGER NOT NULL,              -- retry backoff watermark
-    attempts    INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    sent_at     INTEGER,
-    last_error  TEXT                           -- kept after the last attempt, for debugging
-);
-
--- The delivery loop's only query: what is due and still unsent.
-CREATE INDEX notifications_pending_idx  ON notifications(send_after) WHERE sent_at IS NULL;
--- Reminders and resolved notices both look up an incident's newest row.
-CREATE INDEX notifications_incident_idx ON notifications(incident_id, id DESC);
-
--- A notification body is stored on the ntfy server and cached on the device, so
--- a real API key must never appear in one. Each delivery mints its own token
--- instead: one incident, one action, one day.
-CREATE TABLE incident_ack_tokens (
-    token_hash  TEXT    PRIMARY KEY,           -- SHA-256 of the raw token, as with api_keys
-    incident_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES incidents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    user_id     INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id)     ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    created_at  INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    expires_at  INTEGER NOT NULL
-);
-
-CREATE INDEX incident_ack_tokens_expires_idx ON incident_ack_tokens(expires_at);
-
--- Where this user's notifications go. NULL means they get none; incidents
--- assigned to them fall back to the configured fallback topic.
-ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN ntfy_topic TEXT;

internal/db/migrations/010_web_auth.sql

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
--- A password is what lets a person sign in to the web UI. NULL means the user
--- has none and can only use API keys, which is every user created before this.
-ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN password_hash TEXT;
-
--- A session is a browser's credential, the cookie counterpart of an API key:
--- only the hash of the token is stored. expires_at slides forward while the
--- session is in use, so an on-call phone stays signed in.
-CREATE TABLE sessions (
-    id           INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-    token_hash   TEXT    NOT NULL UNIQUE,
-    user_id      INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    created_at   INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    last_seen_at INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    expires_at   INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    user_agent   TEXT
-);
-
-CREATE INDEX idx_sessions_user ON sessions(user_id);

scripts/sqlite-to-postgres.go

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+//go:build migrate
+
+// Command sqlite-to-postgres copies a terdut SQLite database into a freshly
+// migrated Postgres one. It exists for exactly one upgrade — the one that moved
+// this server off SQLite — and should be deleted once the installs that need it
+// have run it. The modernc.org/sqlite dependency goes with it.
+//
+// Build-tagged so the dependency stays out of the server binary and out of a
+// plain `go build ./...`:
+//
+//	go run -tags migrate ./scripts/sqlite-to-postgres.go \
+//	    -sqlite /path/to/terdut.db \
+//	    -dsn 'postgres://terdut:secret@localhost:5432/terdut?sslmode=disable'
+//
+// The Postgres side must already have the schema: start the new server once
+// against an empty database, let it migrate, stop it, then run this. The copy
+// refuses to touch a database that already has rows, so a second run cannot
+// double-insert.
+//
+// Ids are preserved, which is what keeps every foreign key — incident_alerts,
+// incident_events, notifications, the ack tokens — pointing at the same rows it
+// pointed at before. The identity sequences are moved past the copied ids at the
+// end, so the first row the server writes afterwards does not collide.
+package main
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"strings"
+
+	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
+	_ "modernc.org/sqlite"
+)
+
+// tables are copied parents first: every foreign key points at a table earlier
+// in this list.
+var tables = []struct {
+	name    string
+	columns []string
+	// jsonb marks columns that were TEXT in SQLite and are jsonb in Postgres,
+	// so the insert can cast them.
+	jsonb []string
+	// sequence is the identity sequence to advance afterwards, empty when the
+	// table has no generated id.
+	sequence string
+}{
+	{name: "users", columns: []string{"id", "username", "email", "created_at", "ntfy_topic", "password_hash"}, sequence: "users_id_seq"},
+	{name: "api_keys", columns: []string{"id", "user_id", "key_hash", "name", "created_at", "last_used_at"}, sequence: "api_keys_id_seq"},
+	{name: "sessions", columns: []string{"id", "token_hash", "user_id", "created_at", "last_seen_at", "expires_at", "user_agent"}, sequence: "sessions_id_seq"},
+	{name: "alerts", columns: []string{"id", "fingerprint", "name", "status", "labels", "annotations", "starts_at", "ends_at", "generator_url", "received_at", "archived_at", "resolution_source"}, jsonb: []string{"labels", "annotations"}, sequence: "alerts_id_seq"},
+	{name: "schedule_entries", columns: []string{"id", "user_id", "date", "created_at"}, sequence: "schedule_entries_id_seq"},
+	{name: "incidents", columns: []string{"id", "group_key", "title", "group_labels", "status", "severity", "triggered_at", "acknowledged_by", "acknowledged_at", "assigned_to", "snoozed_until", "resolved_at", "resolution_source", "archived_at"}, jsonb: []string{"group_labels"}, sequence: "incidents_id_seq"},
+	{name: "incident_alerts", columns: []string{"incident_id", "alert_id", "added_at"}},
+	{name: "incident_events", columns: []string{"id", "incident_id", "type", "user_id", "alert_id", "detail", "created_at"}, sequence: "incident_events_id_seq"},
+	{name: "notifications", columns: []string{"id", "incident_id", "user_id", "topic", "kind", "created_at", "send_after", "attempts", "sent_at", "last_error"}, sequence: "notifications_id_seq"},
+	{name: "incident_ack_tokens", columns: []string{"token_hash", "incident_id", "user_id", "created_at", "expires_at"}},
+}
+
+func main() {
+	sqlitePath := flag.String("sqlite", "", "path to the existing terdut SQLite database")
+	dsn := flag.String("dsn", "", "Postgres DSN of the migrated, empty database")
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	if *sqlitePath == "" || *dsn == "" {
+		log.Fatal("both -sqlite and -dsn are required")
+	}
+
+	src, err := sql.Open("sqlite", *sqlitePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer src.Close()
+
+	dst, err := sql.Open("pgx", *dsn)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("open postgres: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer dst.Close()
+
+	if err := dst.Ping(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("ping postgres: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := assertEmpty(dst); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	}
+
+	// One transaction for the whole copy: a run that dies half way leaves the
+	// target as it found it, rather than a partial database someone has to
+	// recognise as partial.
+	tx, err := dst.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("begin: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	for _, t := range tables {
+		n, err := copyTable(src, tx, t.name, t.columns, t.jsonb)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("copy %s: %v", t.name, err)
+		}
+		log.Printf("%-20s %d row(s)", t.name, n)
+	}
+
+	for _, t := range tables {
+		if t.sequence == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := advanceSequence(tx, t.sequence, t.name); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("advance %s: %v", t.sequence, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("commit: %v", err)
+	}
+	log.Print("done")
+}
+
+// assertEmpty refuses a target that already holds data, so running this twice
+// cannot duplicate anything.
+func assertEmpty(dst *sql.DB) error {
+	for _, t := range tables {
+		var n int64
+		if err := dst.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM " + t.name).Scan(&n); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("count %s (has the new server migrated this database?): %w", t.name, err)
+		}
+		if n > 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s already has %d row(s): the target must be empty", t.name, n)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func copyTable(src *sql.DB, tx *sql.Tx, table string, columns, jsonb []string) (int64, error) {
+	rows, err := src.Query("SELECT " + strings.Join(columns, ", ") + " FROM " + table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	insert := "INSERT INTO " + table + " (" + strings.Join(columns, ", ") + ") VALUES (" +
+		strings.Join(valuePlaceholders(columns, jsonb), ", ") + ")"
+
+	stmt, err := tx.Prepare(insert)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	var copied int64
+	for rows.Next() {
+		// Scanning into any lets the SQLite driver decide each column's Go type
+		// and hands it straight back to pgx, which is all this needs: the column
+		// types match on both sides, apart from the JSON casts above.
+		values := make([]any, len(columns))
+		targets := make([]any, len(columns))
+		for i := range values {
+			targets[i] = &values[i]
+		}
+		if err := rows.Scan(targets...); err != nil {
+			return copied, err
+		}
+		if _, err := stmt.Exec(values...); err != nil {
+			return copied, fmt.Errorf("insert row %d: %w", copied+1, err)
+		}
+		copied++
+	}
+	return copied, rows.Err()
+}
+
+// valuePlaceholders numbers the placeholders, casting the columns that became
+// jsonb: pgx sends a Go string as text, and Postgres will not assign text to a
+// jsonb column without being told.
+func valuePlaceholders(columns, jsonb []string) []string {
+	isJSON := make(map[string]bool, len(jsonb))
+	for _, c := range jsonb {
+		isJSON[c] = true
+	}
+	out := make([]string, len(columns))
+	for i, c := range columns {
+		out[i] = fmt.Sprintf("$%d", i+1)
+		if isJSON[c] {
+			out[i] += "::jsonb"
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// advanceSequence puts an identity sequence past the largest copied id. Without
+// it the first insert after the migration would reuse id 1.
+func advanceSequence(tx *sql.Tx, sequence, table string) error {
+	_, err := tx.Exec(fmt.Sprintf(
+		`SELECT setval('%s', COALESCE((SELECT MAX(id) FROM %s), 0) + 1, false)`,
+		sequence, table))
+	return err
+}